Exam 1 Review
What is a gene?
a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
What does the mitochondria transform chemical energy into?
ATP
In DNA, which bases are considering purines? Which bases are considered pyrimidines?
Purines: Adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA turns to RNA and RNA turns into a protein
What is one difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?
A prediction is measurable.
What is the process that combines monomers into polymers by removing a water molecule?
Condensation reaction
What is the most oxidized and reduced state of carbon?
Most oxidized: CO2 and Most reduced: CH4
What are the 4 features that define DNA structure?
double helix with uniform diameter, antiparallel, right-handed, and major/minor grooves
True/False: DNA can only be replicated or transcribed.
True
In which directions do the motor proteins kinesin and dynein move?
Kinesin moves in the (+) direction, dynein moves in the (-) direction
What are the monomers of lipids?
Lipids do not have monomers.
What’s the difference between oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation?
Oxidative uses a proton gradient and is made in the mitochondria while substrate-level uses ADP in the cytoplasm.
What is the relationship between a gene and a polypeptide?
One gene codes for one polypeptide.
What are the different types of polar bonds?
H-O, C=O, N-H, P-O
What is the enzyme that attaches an amino acid to the 3’ end of tRNA?
tRNA synthase
Name at least 3 characteristics of living things
Have common chemical compounds
Are made up of cells
Convert energy
Regulate their internal environment (homeostasis)
Contain genetic information
Reproduce
Put the processes of cellular respiration in order:
ETC, Chemiosmosis, pyruvate oxidation, CAC, Glycolysis
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, CAC, ETC, Chemiosmosis
Name the phases of the cell cycle and indicate which phase DNA replication occurs during.
G1, S, G2, and M. Replication occurs during S phase.
What are the start and stop codons?
Start: AUG
Stop: UAG, UAA, UGA
Are chromosomes always in the "X" shape? If not, when are they?
No, they are not always in X form. They are after replication, during cell division.
Explain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of protein
Primary structure: amino acid sequence, AA joined by peptide bonds (forming polypeptide chains)
Secondary structure: interactions between polypeptide chain backbones, can form hydrogen bonds (alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets)
Tertiary structure: 3D structure of protein based on interactions of AA (between side chains)
Quaternary structure: interactions between separate polypeptides
What does the Light reactions supply to the Calvin Cycle, and what does the Calvin Cycle supply to the Light reactions?
The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH that is used in the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin Cycle produces ADP, Phosphate, and NADP+ for the light reactions.
What do enzymes recognize to start DNA replication? What is the start signal for transcription? for translation?
Enzymes recognize origin of replication to begin DNA replication. The start signal for transcription is the promoter sequence and for translation is the start codon.
What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?
A nucleoside does not have a phosphate group.
What are the macromolecule identifiers?
Carbohydrate: CH2O; Lipid: long hydrocarbon chain; protein: C-C-N backbone