Exam 1 Review
Exam 2 Review
Exam 3 Review
Biology
Miscellaneous
100

What is a gene?

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

100

What does the mitochondria transform chemical energy into?

ATP

100

In DNA, which bases are considering purines? Which bases are considered pyrimidines?

Purines: Adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine 

100

What is the central dogma of biology?

DNA turns to RNA and RNA turns into a protein

100

What is one difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

A prediction is measurable.

200

What is the process that combines monomers into polymers by removing a water molecule?

Condensation reaction

200

What is the most oxidized and reduced state of carbon?

Most oxidized: CO2 and Most reduced: CH4

200

What are the 4 features that define DNA structure?

double helix with uniform diameter, antiparallel, right-handed, and major/minor grooves

200

True/False: DNA can only be replicated or transcribed.

True

200

In which directions do the motor proteins kinesin and dynein move?

Kinesin moves in the (+) direction, dynein moves in the (-) direction

300

What are the monomers of lipids?

Lipids do not have monomers.

300

What’s the difference between oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation?

Oxidative uses a proton gradient and is made in the mitochondria while substrate-level uses ADP in the cytoplasm.

300

What is the relationship between a gene and a polypeptide?

One gene codes for one polypeptide.

300

What are the different types of polar bonds?

H-O, C=O, N-H, P-O

300

What is the enzyme that attaches an amino acid to the 3’ end of tRNA?

tRNA synthase

400

Name at least 3 characteristics of living things

Have common chemical compounds

Are made up of cells

Convert energy

Regulate their internal environment (homeostasis)

Contain genetic information  

Reproduce

400

Put the processes of cellular respiration in order: 

ETC, Chemiosmosis, pyruvate oxidation, CAC, Glycolysis

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, CAC, ETC, Chemiosmosis

400

Name the phases of the cell cycle and indicate which phase DNA replication occurs during.

G1, S, G2, and M. Replication occurs during S phase.

400

What are the start and stop codons?

Start: AUG

Stop: UAG, UAA, UGA

400

Are chromosomes always in the "X" shape? If not, when are they?

No, they are not always in X form. They are after replication, during cell division.

500

Explain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of protein

Primary structure: amino acid sequence, AA joined by peptide bonds (forming polypeptide chains)

 Secondary structure: interactions between polypeptide chain backbones, can form hydrogen bonds (alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets)

Tertiary structure: 3D structure of protein based on interactions of AA (between side chains)

Quaternary structure: interactions between separate polypeptides

500

What does the Light reactions supply to the Calvin Cycle, and what does the Calvin Cycle supply to the Light reactions?

The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH that is used in the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin Cycle produces ADP, Phosphate, and NADP+ for the light reactions.

500

What do enzymes recognize to start DNA replication? What is the start signal for transcription? for translation?

Enzymes recognize origin of replication to begin DNA replication. The start signal for transcription is the promoter sequence and for translation is the start codon.

500

What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

A nucleoside does not have a phosphate group.

500

What are the macromolecule identifiers?

Carbohydrate: CH2O; Lipid: long hydrocarbon chain; protein: C-C-N backbone

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