Meiosis
Only ________ cells can go through meiosis
What are 'germ?'
Only _________________ cells can go through mitosis
What is 'somatic?'
All living organisms express their genes by building _____________
What are proteins?
This term is used to describe the experimental group that does not receive any treatment and may also get a placebo
What is the control group?
These are the four basic structures of proteins
What are 1) primary, 2) secondary, 3) tertiary, 4) quaternary?
Meiosis __________________ genetic material
What is 'mixes up?'
Mitosis ___________________ genetic material
What is 'conserves?'
These are the monomer forms of proteins
What are amino acids?
This term refers to the group of individuals that does receive the treatment that is being studied
What is the experimental group?
This protein is found at the end of every electron transport chain; these are the two major functions of this protein
What is ATP Synthase; major functions are as an enzyme and a transport protein?
The end result of meiosis is ________, genetically-_________ cells
What is '4 genetically different, haploid cells?'
The end result of mitosis is:
What is '2 genetically identical, diploid cells?'
What is 'because proteins are the most structurally diverse of all the biomolecules?'
In order to reduce error and variation in an experiment, the following practices are recommended
What are 1) standard methods of data collection, 2) having the same person collect the same data, 3) collecting data at the same time each day/night/week, 4) controlling for as many variables as possible?
This enzyme adds new DNA bases in the 5' --> 3' direction
What is DNA polymerase?
This checkpoint occurs during meiosis and these are the major criteria for this checkpoint
What is 'the spindle/M checkpoint - this checks that all chromosomes are present and that all spindle fibers are properly attached to all chromosomes?'
Cells in mitosis divide _________
What is 'once?'
This is a brief description of what occurs during transcription
What is 'a copy of a gene is made using piece of mRNA; this gene copy is then 'processed' and the introns are cut out/removed and the exons are spliced together?'
A scientist is studying the different amino acids that are produced by different codons in the DNA of many different organisms. The scientist realizes that every organism she studies uses the same codons to specify for the same amino acids; what is the scientific hypothesis does this data support?
What is 'unity of life - that all living organisms, despite their tremendous diversity - still have unifying features that we all share, likely because we inherited those characteristics from an ancestor we once shared?'
This replication enzyme is used to unwind and separate the two sides of a DNA molecule
What is DNA helicase?
This process occurs during Prophase I - briefly describe the importance of this process
What is 'crossing over where homologous chromosomes line up and physically exchange pieces of genetic material; this process ensures that no two sperm or egg cells will ever be truly identical?'
Describe what occurs during metaphase
What is 1) replicated chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell (metaphase plate) and 2) the spindle checkpoint occurs?
These are the three types of RNA used during protein synthesis and explain the major job of each type
What are 1) mRNA - used to make a copy of a gene and is read by the ribosome; 2) rRNA - used to hold the two subunits of the ribosome together, and 3) tRNA - used to bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome to be added to the growing protein?
A scientist wants to study a eukaryotic cell as it moves through its life cycle; when the scientist observes the cell's nucleus under a microscope, she can see pairs of homologous chromosomes inside. What phase of the cell life cycle is she observing?
What is M phase?
List the two major types of transport protein and the types of cell transport each is used for
What are 1) channel proteins (used for passive transport - facilitated diffusion), and 2) carrier proteins - must use energy to change their shape; used to move substances against their concentration gradients in membrane pumps?