Language A
give as much information as necessary--no more, no less
Maxim of quantity
pace at which someone speaks; faster when excited and slower for understanding
Speed
be relevant
Maxim of relevance
two things compared using “like” or “as”
Simile
the level of voice production, whether it is high or low
Pitch
the way in which a text in given to an audience: written, spoken, or viewed; usually linked to the purpose
Mode of address
do not say what you believe to be false nor that for which you lack adequate evidence
Maxim of quality
when the opposite of what is expected occurs
Irony
avoid obscurity of expression, ambiguity, be brief and be orderly
Maxim of manner
to give an inanimate object human-like characteristics
Personification
a reference to something well-known from a historical or mythological context
Allusion
circle where English plays no role, but it is still used as a means of international communication
Expanding circle
the word choice of the author; heavily influences the tone of the piece
Diction
the deliberate repetition of the first part of a sentence
Anaphora
technical phrase usually used only by specialists and certain groups
Jargon
the common language used above other languages or dialects for communication between groups
Lingua franca
created the theory of the zone of proximal development; parents and teachers model the desired structure
Lev Vygotsky
prescriptivist who believed that 1944-1965 was the “golden era” where people could read, speak, and write “correctly”
James Millroy
created the theory of operant conditioning: training behaviorism and imitation and reinforcement with repetition
B.F. Skinner
descriptivist who believes that language is continually developing and not deteriorating due to generation change
Jean Aitchensen
state of language endangerment where most children still speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain areas (home)
Vulnerable language
linguist who believes that language is widely used due to the power of the people who speak it
David Crystal
vulnerable; definitely endangered; severely endangered; critically endangered; extinct
non-native speakers will impact the language due to CAT theory; this forms this language model
Kachru's Circles
the standard interaction between people, often in the form of question and answer
Adjacency pairs