The Reformation
The leader of the Protestant Reformation.
Who was Martin Luther?
The number of estates (social classes) that the French population was grouped into
What were 3 estates?
1. first estate: The Roman Catholic Church
2. second estate: The nobility (dukes, barons, etc.)
3. Third estate: everyone else (bankers, merchants, laborers, peasants)
This naval officer was sent to Japan with 4 battle ships in 1853
Who was Commodore Matthew Parry?
The English king who created his own church because the pope would not let him get a divorce from his first wife
Who was Henry VIII?
The man that assumed control of the French Revolution and eventually was executed by the Revolution
Who was Robespierre?
The precious mineral that was discovered in Alaska
What was gold?
The three main points of Luther's teachings.
What were...
1. People could receive salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. Good works was not enough.
2. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. The pope and the Church traditions were false authorities
3. All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible.
These made citizens "enemies of the state" during the French Revolution
What were...
1. Peasants who were horrified by the king's execution
2. Priests who would not accept governmental control
3. Rival leaders who were stirring up rebellions in the provinces
3 conditions of the Treaty of Kanagawa
1. Japan opened the ports of Shimoda (immediately) and Hakodate to American ships
2. Japan agreed to help shipwrecked American sailors and transport them to the designated ports for return
3. Any future concessions or privileges granted by Japan to other foreign nations would automatically apply to the United States
The leading causes of the Reformation.
What were...
1. social: The values of Humanism and Secularism led people to question the church
2. political: Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler
3. economic: Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
4. religious: Some church leaders had become corrupt
The core principles of the "Rights of Man"
What were
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights
2. These rights include liberty, property, and security, and resistance to oppression
3. Liberty consists of the freedom to do everything which injures no one else
4. Guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion
The two innovations of American naval ships in the mid 19th century
What were...
1. rotating turrets
2. powered by steam engines and not sails
The three main points of the Edict of Worms.
What were...
1. Declared Luther a heretic and outlaw
2. No one in the German Empire could give food or shelter to him
3. All his books were burned
The roles of the king and government under the French Constitution of 1791
What were
1. Stripped much of the king’s traditional power
2. He did have the executive power to enforce the laws the new legislative assembly created
3. This new assembly had the power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war
Events that led to the Taiping Rebellion
1. overcrowding: The population of China grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30% gain in 60 years.
2. Food production does not rise enough support the growing population. Even in good years, hunger was widespread
3. The Chinese Opium addiction