Study Design
What are the 7 study designs?
Case series, cross-sectional, cohort, clinical trial, case report, ecological fallacy, case-control
Odds ratio is an estimate of
exposure and an outcome
What are Hill's 9 Criteria for Causal Association?
Strength, Consistency, Specificity, Temporarily, Dose response, Experimental evidence, biological plausibility, coherence, analogy
What are the benefits of sequential (2-stage) testing?
Less expensive, less invasive, less uncomfortable
What is the gold standard of research design?
Randomized Clinical Trial
This calculation is helpful in answering how much we can expect to decrease incidence of a disease in the total population by eliminating exposure.
Population Attributable Risk
The relative risk of oral contraception use and mortality from all circulatory disease in the 1970s was approximately 4. Which criterion of causation is represented by this statement?
Strength of Association
A radiologist who reads the same group of x-rays at two different times may read one or more of the x-rays differently the second time. This is an example of?
Intraobserver Variation
Which design is prone to placebo effect?
Clinical trial
A measure of public health directly related to the value of human life and the economic implications of the loss of individuals in a society?
Years of potential life lost
This criterion is based on supporting evidence from community and clinical trials, in vitro laboratory experiments, and animal models
Experimentation
If the test results are positive in a patient, what is the probability that the patient has the disease?
Positive predictive value
What is the timing for a case-control study?
Mixed timing
Several studies have found that approximately 85% of cases of lung cancer are due to cigarette smoking. This measure is an example of?
Attributable risk
This criterion holds that the cause should lead to only one disease and that the disease should result from only this single cause.
Specificity
In general, screening should be undertaken for diseases with what features?
Diseases with a natural history than can be altered by medical intervention
Which study design would be best in investigating the following: What are the long-term health effects of smoking marijuana as a child?
Cohort
Calculate the odds ratio.
Cases Controls
Smokers 112 176
Non-Smokers 88. 224
1.62
Most studies completed to date have demonstrated a positive association between oral contraceptive use and cardiovascular disease risk. This is an example of?
Consistency
A screening test is used in the same way in two similar populations, but the proportion of false-positive results among those who test positive in population A is lower than that among those who test positive in population B. What is the likely explanation for this finding?
The prevalence of disease is higher in population A