foundations
define analytic epidemiology
finding and quantifying associations, testing hypothesis, and identifying causes of health-related states or events
OR
how & why
primary prevention
Prevent disease/disorder BEFORE it happens
what is disease
An interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems or organs.
What are the four types of data? Define them and give an example of each.
nominal: unordered categories or classes (movie ratings)
ordinal: additional information provided by the order among categories (1-5 scale)
discrete: integers or counts that differ by fixed amount with no intermediate values possible (total count of apples)
continuous: measurable quantities not restricted to taking on integer values (age)
What does place information tell us?
address where health-related states or events are occurring most or least frequently
define descriptive epidemiology
characterization of the distribution of health-related states or events
OR
who, what, when, where
secondary prevention
focused on detecting and treating disease at an early stage
aimed at blocking the progress of disease from developing into impairment or disability
communicable vs noncommunicable ?
vs.
non-infectious disease - cannot be spread person to person
write the formula for linear regression. identify all parts.
y (DV) = b0 (constant) + b1 (coefficient)x1 (IV)
Instead of a change in risk, what else could influence changes in case patterns?
•inconsistent interpretation/application of case definition
•change in case definition
•change in diagnostic criteria
•change in surveillance (policy of reporting)
•change in level and emphasis on detection
•change in reporting requirements
•improved diagnosis
•change in population
•increased public awareness
•random events
what is an epidemic
widespread disease in specificity (location)
importance= containment
tertiary prevention
aimed at blocking or slowing the progress of disability or disorder resulting from disease
zoonosis
An infectious organism in vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to humans
It doesn’t matter if we collect all this data if we cannot use it!
Surveillance information must be shared, especially de-identified summary information.
The public will only trust us if we are TIMELY & TRUTHFUL. (for sure tested on)
what is a pandemic
epidemic that affects a wide spread region
importance=slow transmission
draw the epi triangle and advanced triangle
Basic: host, enviro, infectious agent, with time in the middle
advanced: group, enviro, causative factors, with time in the middle
what is the epidemiological shift/ what has changed
the epidemiological shift switched when vaccines started - historically it was focused on outbreaks of infectious disease, now it is about population burden of chronic disease
observed/expected
=1 standard pop
>1 more observed than expected
<1 less observed than observeddefine and draw the three different population pyramids
Expansive Pyramid
•broad base, tall pointed tail - LOTS of babies and young children
Stationary Pyramid
•block-shaped, low fertility AND low mortality
Constrictive Pyramid
•mushroom or with a waist, lower percentage of younger people
what is an endemic
ongoing consistent presence of a disease in a community
importance=minimizing severity, focus on rehab/treatment
draw the chain of infection
infectious agent - reservoir - portal of exit - mode of transmission - portal of entry - susceptible host - infectious agent
what are the ways to prevent disease
isolation, quarantine, sanitation, hygiene, immunization, chemo-prophylaxis
write out one rate in descriptive epi and describe when to use it
example: mortality rate = (deaths occurring during a given time/ pop from which deaths occurred) x 102
what is the difference between medical and public health surveillance
med: focuses on individual with communicable disease to look for detection
public health surveillance: systematic ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data