Ecologic
Data is collected and compared at this level
What is population/community?
The natural history of disease
What is prognosis?
Participants are selected based on this
What is outcome/disease?
Participants are selected based on this
What is exposure?
The most effective study design to determine....
What is causality?
These are assessed at the same time in an ecologic study
What is exposure and outcome?
What is death or cure?
The best type of study design for _________ diseases
What is rare?
A cohort study that began in 1948 and has followed CVD development over 3 generations
What is the Framingham Heart Study?
When neither the participant nor the observer knows to which conditions participants belong
What is a double-blind design?
One major advantage of an ecologic study
What is inexpensive and quick?
Participants are identified at a similar point in the disease course
What is zero time?
The best measure of association to use
What is Odds Ratio?
The best measure(s) of association to use
What is Relative Risk or Odds Ratio?
You can assess causality because you eliminate __________when you randomly assign the exposure
What are confounding factors?
Outcome measures typically include this kind of population-level data
What is disease or mortality rates?
Must establish this before you can identify participants study
What is the operational definition of the disease?
The major form of bias in a case-control study
What is selection bias?
Cohort studies that last a long time are subject to this major weakness
What is loss to follow-up?
The best measure(s) of association to use
What is statistical significance tests (ANOVA or t-test)?
Assigning certain characteristics to the entire population to make generalizations about the population
What is ecologic fallacy?
The proportion of reported cases of a disease or condition which are fatal within a specified time
What is case-fatality rate?
A process that creates similar distribution of confounders in cases and controls
What is matching?
Cohort studies are designed to be a direct measure of ________
What is incidence?
When subjects are used as their own control group
What is a cross-over design