Epidemiology Basics
What is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations?
What is epidemiology?
This type of study compares individuals with a disease to those without, looking for past exposures.
What is a case-control study?
This measure tells us the number of new cases of a disease in a specific time period.
What is incidence?
This type of bias occurs when the way participants are selected distorts the results.
What is selection bias?
Paul Farmer describes the concept of ____, which refers to systemic inequalities harming marginalized populations.
What is structural violence?
This English physician is known as the "father of epidemiology" for investigating a cholera outbreak in London.
Who is John Snow?
This study design randomly assigns participants to treatment or control groups.
What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
The number of deaths in a population per 100,000 people per year is known as the ____.
What is the crude mortality rate?
When people misremember past exposures, what type of bias is introduced?
What is recall bias?
In Chapter 3 of Pathologies of Power, which indigenous group in Mexico faces major health inequities?
Who are the Zapatista communities in Chiapas?
What type of epidemiologic study follows a group over time to assess disease development?
What is a cohort study?
This type of study measures both exposure and disease at a single point in time.
What is a cross-sectional study?
A city has 500 flu cases in a population of 50,000. What is the attack rate (%)?
What is 1%?
A study suggests coffee causes lung cancer, but the real risk factor is smoking. What is this called?
What is confounding?
In Chiapas, a lack of healthcare access leads to preventable deaths. This violates which fundamental right?
What is the right to health?
The main difference between incidence and prevalence is that incidence measures ____, while prevalence measures ____.
What is new cases vs. total cases?
The main advantage of a cohort study over a case-control study is that it establishes ____.
What is temporality (cause before effect)?
This rate adjusts for differences in population age distributions to allow fair comparisons.
What is an age-adjusted rate?
Another word for "error".
What is bias
Structural violence means that health outcomes are shaped by ____ rather than just biology.
What are social forces (e.g., poverty, discrimination, inequality)?
The study of non-infectious diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease falls under what branch of epidemiology?
What is chronic disease epidemiology?
A study finds that regions with more fast-food restaurants have higher obesity rates. What type of study is this, and what is a major limitation?
What is an ecological study, and ecological fallacy?
Case-fatality rate is calculated using this formula.
What is (# deaths from disease / # people with disease) × 100?
What is a key strategy in observational studies to control for confounding variables?
What is matching or stratification?
Name one modern-day example of structural violence affecting healthcare access.
Many answers