Basics
Identify "the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems"
Epidemiology
Type of ratio whose denominator includes the numerator and is often multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage
Proportion
T/F. Some nursing jobs are specifically based in epidemiologic practice
TRUE - These include hospital infection control nurses, nurse epidemiologists, and nurse environmental risk communicators employed by local health departments.
This type of study is the standard for observational epidemiologic studies and come closest to the ideal of a natural experiment. It involves observing and following a group over time.
Cohort study
What year are the members of Cohort 1 hoping to graduate in?
2019
Identify: "the branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health and disease"
Social epidemiology
Term used to describe a long term pattern or morbidity/mortality rates.
Secular trend
Identify and explain the three levels of prevention nurses tend to implicate into community trials and educational programs.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
This type of study provides a snapshot of a population or group. Information is collected on current health status, personal characteristics, and potential risk factors or exposures all at once. Surveys serve as a common type of data collection for this study type.
Cross-sectional study
Define Health
"the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, is a fundamental human right" - WHO
Identify the epidemiologic triangle.
Agent
Host
Environment
Differentiate between prevalence and incidence.
Prevalence refers to the measurement of existing disease in a population at a particular time while incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease within a group at a particular time
T/F: Nursing documentation on client charts and records is an important source of data for epidemiological reviews.
True
Define ecologic fallacy.
Occurs when associations observed at the group level fail to hold true for the individuals who make up the groups or associations that actually exist may be masked in the group data
Explain the goal of epidemiology.
To identify and understand the causal factors and mechanisms of disease, disability, and injuries so that effective interventions can be implemented to prevent the occurrence of these adverse processes before they begin or before they progress
Differentiate between analytic and descriptive epidemiology.
Analytic: Focuses on investigation causes and associations - to answer the how & why
Descriptive: focuses describing the occurrence of a disease in terms of person, place, & time - to answer the who, what, where, & when
State the formula for calculating the survival rate of a particular illness during a specified period of time.
1 - CFR = survival rate
CFR = case fatality rate
Nurses often engage in surveillance activities as they monitor the health status of those they care for. Define surveillance.
The systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data related to the occurrence of disease and the health status of a given population.
It can be either passive or active.
Explain the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies.
In prospective studies (follow-up studies), subjects are determined to be free of the outcome under investigation and are classified on the basis of the exposure of interest at the beginning of the follow up period.
In retrospective studies, subjects are classified according to exposure status at some time in the past. They use historical and past records.
Define rate.
a measure of frequency of a health event in a defined population in a specified period of time
ex) how rapidly disease is spreading, how rapidly people are dying
Epidemiology is the study of populations in order to accomplish 3 things. Identify at least one.
1. Monitor the health of the population
2. Understand the determinants of health and disease in communities
3. Investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health
Identify 3 of the 7 characteristics of a successful screening program.
1. Valid 2. Reliable 3. Capable of large group administration 4. Innocuous 5. High yield 6. Ethical and effective
Describe the role of the nurse as a community liaison.
The role of community liaison involves observation, data collection, consultation, and interpretation. By talking and listening to community members, nurses gather information from the citizens' perspectives.
Identify 3 different types of observational studies.
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Cross-sectional studies
Ecologic studies
How many days until Christmas?
90 days