This is the process of assigning treatment to study participants by chance.
What is randomization?
100
A biologically inert substance that is identical in appearance to the treatment under investigation.
What is a placebo?
100
The odds of a particular exposure among persons with a specific disease divided by the corresponding odds of exposure among persons without the disease of interest.
What is odds ratio?
100
A placebo study that examines the effect of giving a mother papaya enzymes on heartburn is an example of what type of study?
What is a clinical trial? (Or RCT)
100
Tight inclusion criteria for study subjects is good because it reduces the chance for confounders. However it also reduces what?
What is external validity?
200
This is the assignment of treatment to participants in a way such that participants and, sometimes, providers do not know the actual treatment allocation.
What is blinding?
200
The extent to which the conclusions of a study are correct for the subjects under investigation.
What is internal validity?
200
The likelihood of the occurrence of a particular disease among persons exposed to a given risk factor divided by the corresponding likelihood among unexposed persons
What is relative risk?
200
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of heartburn in pregnancy on the amount of hair the baby is born with. What type of study design would best answer the research question?
What is cohort study?
200
For an environmentally determined disease, when persons migrate from a high-risk country to a low-risk country, we expect their risk of disease to...
What is decrease?
300
An experimental study in which subject are assigned to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes.
What is a clinical trial (or randomized controlled trial)?
300
The extent to which the conclusions of a study can be correctly applied to persons beyond those who were investigated.
What is external validity?
300
Risk ratio is interchangeably called what?
What is relative risk?
300
The preferred measure of association in a case-control study.
What is odds ratio.
300
A high likelihood ratio does what to the condition of interest?
What is rules it in?
400
A study that compares patients who have a disease or outcome with patients who do not have the disease or outcome, and looks back retrospectively to compare how the exposure relates to the disease.
What is a case-control study?
400
The most common tool to avoid selection bias.
What is randomization?
400
When the confidence interval includes 1 (for example -0.89, 1.47), the best interpretation is that the results are not _______.
What is significant.
400
Rare diseases are best studied using what design?
What is case-control?
400
Sensitivity correctly identifies who?
What are the true positives?
500
An observational study in which subjects are sampled based on the presence of absence of a risk factor of interest; these subjects are followed over time and observed for the development of a disease or outcome of interest.
What is a cohort study?
500
This phase of a clinical trial first evaluates the treatment's effectiveness.
What is phase II?
500
A positive correlation coefficient is associated with what kind of association?
What is positive?
500
Long latent periods from exposure to disease symptoms are best studied using what design?