The Basics
This is the third item that makes up the Epidemiologic Triangle: Host, Agent, and _____
Environment
This term refers to a persistent, expected level of disease in a defined population
Endemic
Researchers are studying strength as a predictor of falls. Age has to be controlled for because it is this type of variable, associated with both muscle weakness and falls.
Confounder
The survey asked about highest level of educational attainment from less than high school through more than two years of college, which is what type of variable?
Ordinal
This type of prolonged outbreak is often associated with superfund sites.
chronic disease
This term implies the reservoir is an animal and the disease makes its way to humans.
Zoonoses
RCTs are experimental studies, but epidemiologic studies are more often this type of study.
Observational
Systematic error
The hospitals has to report the recent case of E. Coli to the local health department because of a standard reporting requirement representing this type of surveillance
passive
Data collection by the public health department beyond regular reporting is this type of surveillance
Active surveillance
Analytic epidemiologic studies answer the question How and what other question?
Why
In this type of study researchers can establish that the disease came after the exposure.
Cohort
This type of bias resulted when the research assistant attributed gender to participants based on her perception of participants rather than asking participants.
Misclassification or information bias
This design phase control for confounding could also be considered inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Restriction
This type of variable map helps us build our models and understand what data we need to answer our research question.
DAG
If the factor appears in all sufficient causes it is a ________
Necessary cause
When the odds ratio is greater than 1.0 we can say this about the direction of the association.
Two patients with cancer were diagnosed 20 months apart but died around the same time making it look like the screening test helped the one patient live longer, demonstrating this type of bias.
Lead-time bias
Allied health professions (e.g., physical therapy, speech therapy, etc.) are most often utilized in a recovery phase of illness and serve as an example of this kind of prevention
Tertiary
Using this type of sampling method researchers wanting to study cavities in childrens' teeth in New England used a random selection of kids, from a random selection of streets, from a random selection of towns.
Cluster sampling
This is the hypothesis of no difference
Null hypothesis
This study design is good for studying exposure-disease relationships that involve chronic health conditions or events when a long latency period is involved.
Case-control study
If we don't account for the induction period, the association of our exposure with the outcome may appear weaker. This is an example of bias in this direction, relative to the null value.
Toward the null
In a propagated epidemic we see peaks and troughs of infection. If the maximum value of each peaks is double the previous peak what can be said about the Ro value?
It is high
If you want to know the mortality rate from H1N1 among the whole population rather than that among only the people with H1N1, what calculation would you need to use?
cause-specific mortality