Russell and the table
Bertrand Russell contrasts this concept, referring to how things seem to us, with "reality."
What is "appearance"?
In doubting the existence of an external world, Descartes considers that all his experiences might be this kind of illusion.
What is "a dream"?
This is the main threat that Hobbes identifies to society, which makes the social contract necessary.
What is the state of nature?
Rawls defends that even in meritocratic systems, we fall under this arbitrary phenomenon that ends up having similar outcomes as monarchies.
What is the accident of birth?
Nozick defends that this principle has to replace the idea of distributive justice, since he consider this a loaded term.
What is justice in holdings?
This is the term Bertrand Russell uses for the immediate objects of our senses, such as colors, sounds, and textures.
What is "sense-data"?
Descartes argues that the essence of the wax is grasped not by the senses but by this faculty.
What is "the intellect"?
According to the allegory, this painful and dazzling object symbolizes the ultimate form of truth and goodness.
What is the sun?
This metaphorical barrier prevents individuals in the original position from knowing their personal circumstances, ensuring a fair selection of justice principles.
What is the "veil of ignorance"?
This principle ensures justice about the holdings that are received after gifts or exchanges.
What is justice in transfer?
Russell uses this common household object as an example to discuss the distinction between appearance and reality
What is a table?
To illustrate the nature of perception, Descartes uses this substance, which changes its form when exposed to fire.
What is "wax"?
The shadows in the cave represent this in Plato's allegory, a distorted perception of reality.
What is the world of appearances?/ What is the world of becoming?
This principle characterizes Rawls' theory, defending that some inequalities are actually positive for society.
What is the difference principle?
This principle defends that people cannot be coerced to serve the overall good of society, or even their own personal good
What is libertarianism?
This philosopher, cited by Russell, argued that matter does not exist and the world consists of only minds and their ideas.
Who is Bishop Berkeley?
In the Second Meditation, Descartes asserts that he knows himself more clearly and distinctly than he knows these external entities.
What are "bodies"?
Clifford uses this case as an example of how we are obligated to form beliefs that are always in accordance with available evidence in a responsible way.
What is the ship case?
This principle is the base for Rawls' notion of right and guarantees that his theory of justice does not end up justifying slavery or communism
What is the greatest equal liberty principle
This alternative notion of the state defends that it is unjust to have a big state but it is nonviable to live with no state at all.
What is the minimal state?
Idealist philosophers deny the existence of this as something separate from minds and their ideas.
What is "matter"?
In the First Meditation, Descartes begins his philosophical project by doubting everything, comparing his mind to a building needing this kind of drastic renovation.
What is "demolition"?
Clifford defines this as the shared knowledge and trustworthy practices of belief formation we all collectively rely on
What is "epistemic commons"?
This artificial state in which all of us are "unencumbered" by any of our particular traits or interests guaranties, according to Rawls, that we choose principles that will ensure a fair and equal distribution to all members of that future society
What is the original position?
This criticized trait of distributive justice shows how this kind of distribution will be constantly meddling in the lives of the people, going against the basic principle of liberty and self-determination
What is patterned distribution?