Locke/Berkeley
Locke was a(n) _________ empiricist
objective
Hume was a(n) __________________ empiricist
Subjective
True or False? Like Hume, Descartes' reasoning is founded on skepticism.
True
Define: Transcendental Idealism
We gain the content of our knowledge through our senses and the form of our knowledge through innate structures of the mind
Pragmatists focus not on how we gain knowledge, but on how we __________ it
Use
Give an example of a secondary trait of an elephant.
Grey, wrinkly, dusty, smelly? etc.
Hume divided our perceptions into two categories. Name and define them.
Impressions: our immediate, lively, sensory experiences
Ideas: memories/thinking of impressions, less lively
Translate and briefly explain: Cogito Ergo Sum
Translation: I think therefore I am
Explanation: The fact that I can think proves that I exist, since something must be doing the thinking.
What are three innate structures of the mind, according to Kant?
Space, Time, Causality
What is the pragmatists theory of knowledge?
We act with the assumption that our knowledge is accurate, while also acknowledging that our knowledge can change.
Define: Solpisism
Only I exist
Hume doubted the existence of causality. What did he instead attribute this sense of causality to?
Habit.
What famous analogy did Descartes use to prove rationalism was how we obtain knowledge? Briefly explain.
Melting wax. When wax melts, all its sensory elements (shape, size, colour, smell, etc.) change, and yet we know it is the same piece of wax. How? Our minds tells us so!
Define: Phenomenal World & Noumenal World
Phenomenal World: the world we experience, constructed of the mind
Noumenal World: The world outside our mind that we can never experience.
Criticism: _____________ sitting
Fence
According to Berkeley, only two types of things exist in the world. What are they?
Perceivers (minds) and the perceived
How did Hume call into doubt the existence of the self?
There is no consistent impression/idea of the self that exists after other sensory perceptions. The mind is an "empty theatre" for impressions/ideas.
How did Descartes argue that the world he experienced was not an illusion.
Since God is perfect, he would not deceive him. Therefore his experience is not an illusion.
What analogy did Kant use to prove that the mind exists? Explain briefly how this analogy does this.
A cooking egg. In order to know that, despite the sensory difference, the cooked egg is the same egg we cracked into the pan in the beginning, the same mind must continue to exist throughout the entire process.
Pragmatists claim that truth is transient. What is the problem with this?
It devalues truth.
What explanation did Locke give to prove that an objective reality exists outside of our perceptions?
Something out there must be causing the perceptions to occur inside our minds, like a tripwire rigged to set a camera recording.
We have impressions of humans (cause) making things like watches (effect). But in terms of God, we only have impressions of the universe (effect) but not God Himself (cause). Therefore we cannot infer God's existence from the universe.
How did Descartes argue that God exists?
God is perfect. Since we have not experienced perfection, nor can we truly conceive of it, God must exist on his own.
In what way was Kant's theory Copernican?
It changed our perspective on the mind and reality. Instead of the mind conforming to reality, reality must conform to the mind (idealism)
Criticism: lack of ___________
answers/comprehensiveness