topic 4.1
A navigation instrument using magnetism to show direction. It originated in China and reached Europe through Islamic trade networks, helping sailors navigate open seas without landmarks.
what is the compass
Large domesticated animals brought by Europeans to the Americas during the Columbian Exchange; they transformed Native American life by improving transportation, hunting (especially buffalo), and warfare, particularly on the Great Plains.
what is horses
a limited foreign trade and contact after early exploration voyages. The government ended state‑sponsored naval expeditions and restricted trade to tribute systems and regulated ports, focusing on internal stability and Confucian values.
what is ming china?
Conflict and competition between Muslim traders and European powers (like Portugal) for control of trade networks and ports in the Indian Ocean.
what is Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
A violent conflict (1675-1676) between New England colonists and Indigenous peoples led by Metacom (King Philip). It arose from land loss and colonial expansion and was one of the deadliest wars per capita in American history.
what is Metacom's War (King Philip's War)
A triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind. Europeans adopted it from Arab and Islamic sailors, greatly improving navigation and ocean exploration.
what is the lateen sail?
Domesticated animals introduced to the Americas by Europeans; they reproduced quickly and became a major food source, but also disrupted local ecosystems by damaging crops and land.
what is pigs
Under this rule, Japan adopted a strict isolationist policy (sakoku) in the 1600s. Foreign trade was heavily restricted, Christianity was banned, and only limited Dutch and Chinese merchants were allowed to trade at specific ports.
what is Tokugawa Japan
A late 1500s conflict where Morocco invaded and defeated the Songhai Empire to control trans-Saharan gold and salt trade routes.
what is Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire
communities of escaped enslaved people who formed independent settlements in places like Jamaica and Brazil (e.g., Palmares). They practiced armed resistance and preserved African cultural traditions.
what is Establishment of Maroon societies (Caribbean and Brazil)
A small, fast, and maneuverable sailing ship developed by Portugal in the 15th century. It used lateen sails and was ideal for coastal exploration and long voyages, including early Atlantic exploration.
what is the caravel
Large grazing animals brought by Europeans to the Americas; they became an important source of meat, hides, and labor, and led to the growth of ranching economies, especially in regions like Spanish colonies.
what is cattle
Merchants from the island of Java (Southeast Asia) who traded spices like cloves and nutmeg. They were key participants in regional and international Indian Ocean trade networks before and during European arrival.
what is Javanese
increased labor supported the production of silk, a luxury good that was widely traded and in high demand across Afro-Eurasia.
what is China—silk
Resistance took many forms, including work slowdowns, sabotage, maintaining cultural practices, escape, and occasional uprisings (such as the Stono Rebellion). These actions challenged the system of slavery even when large revolts were rare.
What is North American slave resistance
A large, multi‑decked ocean‑going ship used by European powers in the 15th-16th centuries. Could carry large crews, cargo, and cannons, making them important for trade and empire‑building.
what is the carrack
A plant native to Africa brought to the Americas through the transatlantic slave trade; it became a staple ingredient in regional cuisines (like in the American South), showing how enslaved Africans influenced food culture.
what is okra
Arab merchants and sailors from Oman who played a major role in Indian Ocean trade, especially along the East African coast. They controlled important ports and helped spread Islam and cultural exchange.
what is Omanis
peasants and artisans increased production of wool and linen textiles to meet rising demand in local and international markets.
what is Western Europe—wool and linen
A series of French civil wars (1648-1653) in which nobles and local elites rebelled against increased royal taxation and centralization under the monarchy. Although unsuccessful, the Fronde showed resistance to absolutism in early modern Europe.
what is Fronde
A Dutch merchant ship designed in the 16th century specifically for efficient cargo transport. It had a wide hull, smaller crew requirements, and low operating costs, making it ideal for long‑distance trade.
what is the Flyut?
Staple crop from Africa and Asia that was brought to the Americas.
what is rice
Indian merchants from western India known for their involvement in long‑distance trade across the Indian Ocean. They traded textiles, spices, and precious goods and were influential in commercial networks linking Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
what is Gujaratis
labor increased as artisans produced large amounts of cotton textiles, which became highly valuable in global trade.
what is India—cotton
Queen Ana Nzinga resisted Portuguese colonization and the Atlantic slave trade in Central Africa during the 1600s. She used military leadership, diplomacy, and alliances to defend her kingdoms' independence.
what is Ana Nzinga's resistance (Ndongo and Matamba)