Stages of Development
This is the first psychosocial conflict, occurring in infancy, where babies learn to trust their caregivers and the world around them.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
Erikson believed that successful resolution of each stage results in the development of these.
What are virtues?
Erikson said that the goal of life is to achieve this, which can be defined as a sense of completeness and fulfillment in later life.
What is integrity?
Erikson's theory suggests that this is an essential part of parenting during the first year of life to foster trust and security in a baby.
What is consistent and nurturing caregiving?
The successful resolution of Trust vs. Mistrust leads to the development of this virtue, which helps infants feel secure and hopeful about the world.
What is hope?
In this stage, toddlers (1-3 years old) begin to assert their independence and learn to make decisions.
What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
According to Erikson, this is the central challenge faced by adolescents, as they explore their personal identity.
What is identity formation?
In discussing the challenges of adolescence, Erikson famously said, "The adolescent’s task is to achieve a sense of this."
What is identity?
In schools, Erikson’s concept of Industry vs. Inferiority is applied when educators encourage students to develop these through academic and extracurricular activities.
What are competence and mastery?
The positive outcome of resolving Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is this virtue, which enables toddlers to develop confidence in their ability to make choices.
What is willpower?
During this stage, children (3-6 years old) learn to take initiative and explore their environment, but can develop feelings of guilt if overly criticized.
What is Initiative vs. Guilt?
Erikson’s theory emphasizes this process, where each stage of development builds upon the successful resolution of the previous stage.
What is cumulative development?
Erikson described this virtue as the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict of Trust vs. Mistrust in infancy.
What is hope?
Erikson's stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation is highly relevant in this area of young adulthood, as individuals form close personal connections and relationships.
What is romantic relationships?
If a child fails to resolve the conflict of Initiative vs. Guilt, they may develop this negative outcome, leading to a lack of self-confidence and fear of taking initiative.
What is guilt?
This stage, occurring between ages 6-12 involves children developing a sense of competence through school and peer relationships.
What is Industry vs. Inferiority?
Erikson believed that development is influenced not only by internal conflicts but also by these external factors, including family, culture, and society.
What are social influences?
"The person who does not face his identity in adolescence will have trouble with relationships and social roles in adulthood." This quote refers to Erikson’s focus on which stage?
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
In therapy, Erikson’s concept of Generativity vs. Stagnation is often used to help individuals in middle adulthood find fulfillment through this.
What is contributing to society or mentoring others?
Successfully navigating the Industry vs. Inferiority stage results in this virtue, allowing children to feel competent and capable of mastering new tasks.
What is competence?
In this stage, young adults (18- 40 years old) face the challenge of forming deep, meaningful relationships.
What is Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Erikson’s concept that a person’s sense of self evolves and integrates through successful resolutions of psychosocial conflicts is known as this.
What is ego identity?
Erikson once stated, “It is not only that the individual is influenced by the culture, but that the culture is influenced by the individual.” This reflects his belief in the interplay between what two concepts?
What are individual identity and society/culture?
In late adulthood, therapists may use Erikson's concept of Integrity vs. Despair to guide older adults in reflecting on their lives and achieving this feeling.
What is life satisfaction and acceptance?
Failing to resolve Generativity vs. Stagnation can result in this negative outcome, where individuals feel unproductive and disconnected from future generations.
What is stagnation?