Energy Substrates
This term refers to the fuel sources used to produce ATP, including carbohydrate, fat, and protein.
This enzyme controls the rate of ATP production in the ATP‑PCr system.
What is creatine kinase?
Glycolysis occurs in this part of the cell.
What is the cytoplasm?
Aerobic metabolism occurs in this organelle.
What are mitochondria?
This muscle fiber type has the greatest oxidative capacity.
What are Type I muscle fibers?
This enzyme class generally adds a phosphate to something.
What is a kinase?
What is 1?
This enzyme adds a phosphate to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
What is hexokinase?
One molecule of glucose yields this many net ATP during complete oxidation.
What is 32 ATP?
This concept explains the shift from fat to carbohydrate as exercise intensity increases.
What is the crossover concept?
This substrate yields about 4.1 kcal per gram and is the primary fuel for the brain and working muscle.
What is carbohydrates (glucose)?
Increased ADP levels will have this effect on creatine kinase activity.
What is increase activity?
This is the net ATP yield from glycolysis when glycogen is the starting substrate.
What is 3 ATP?
This molecule combines with Acetyl-CoA to begin the Krebs cycle.
What is oxaloacetate?
This is the enzyme responsible for mobilizing FFAs from adipose tissue.
What is hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)?
This substrate yields the most energy per gram (≈9.4 kcal/g) but produces ATP at a slower rate.
What is fat?
This regulatory mechanism slows ATP production when ATP levels are high, preventing overproduction.
What is negative feedback?
This enzyme splits the 6 carbon fructose 1,6- bisphosphate into two 3 carbon molecules DHAP and G3P.
What is aldolase?
This is the number of turns of the Krebs cycle that can be completed from a 20 carbon fatty acid.
What is 10?
NADH produces ________ATP in the ETC, whereas FADH2 produces _________ATP in the ETC.
What is 2.5 and 1.5 ATP?
This substrate is typically used for energy during starvation or prolonged exercise and can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis.
What is protein?
This is the single reaction (formula) that defines the ATP‑PCr system.
What is PCr + ADP -> ATP + creatine
The rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis is _________. If the process continues through anaerobic glycolysis, the enzyme _________ will convert pyruvate to lactate at the final step of this process.
What are PFK and LDH?
ATP synthase requires approximately this many hydrogens (protons) to form one ATP?
What are 4? (3 + 1 to move a phosphate across the membrane)
This is the rate limiting enzyme of the Krebs cycle, which converts isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate and produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2.
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase?