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The metabolic pathway that builds molecules using energy.
What is anabolism?
The metabolic process that breaks down glycogen into glucose.
What is glycogenolysis?
This protein, responsible for glucose transport, is more active during exercise.
What is GLUT 4?
This process converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA for the Krebs Cycle.
What is beta-oxidation?
The location in the cell where ATP is primarily generated.
What is the mitochondria?
This muscle fiber type is more resistant to fatigue and relies heavily on aerobic metabolism.
What is Type I (slow-twitch) fiber?
The breakdown of complex molecules to release energy is known as this.
What is catabolism?
The term that describes the amount of oxygen needed to return the body to resting state after exercise
What is EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption)?
These two types of muscle fibers are used primarily in fast, explosive activities.
What are Type IIA and Type IIX fibers?
Carbohydrates are preferred as a fuel source because of this efficiency factor.
What is faster ATP production?
In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into this.
What is lactate?
The five factors that influence lactate production.
What are muscle contraction, enzyme activity, muscle fiber type, SNS activation, and insufficient oxygen?
This reaction involves the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
What is phosphorylation?
This is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
"Lactic acid" accumulation can inhibit performance by causing this physiological effect.
What is the lowering of pH, leading to muscle fatigue?
The three types of oxidation discussed in class.
What are beta-oxidation, glycolytic oxidation, and amino acid oxidation?
This percentage range represents lactate clearance through oxidation.
What is 50-70%?
This is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions.
What is to speed up the reactions?
The pairing of two reactions where one releases energy for the other to use.
What are coupled reactions?
This molecule enters the Krebs Cycle after glycolysis if oxygen is available
What is acetyl Coenzyme A?
This process primarily clears lactate from the body.
What is oxidation?
The byproduct of using fatty acids as a primary fuel source, often seen during low-carb intake.
What are ketones?
The primary enzyme that controls the rate of the Krebs Cycle.
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Lactate is primarily cleared through this method rather than being converted to glucose.
What is oxidation?
These two reactions, one losing electrons and the other gaining them, occur together in metabolism.
What are reduction and oxidation?
These are the four stages of carbohydrate metabolism.
What are glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation?
The primary energy system used in the first few seconds of high-intensity exercise.
What is the ATP-PC system?
The two main waste products when amino acids are used as a fuel source.
What are ketones and ammonia?
Oxaloacetate can be converted into glucose through this process.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The most effective way to clear lactate after intense exercise.
What is active recovery?
Name 4 contributing factors of EPOC
What are ATP replenishment, lactate clearance, glycogen resynthesis, thermoregulation, HR/ventilation recovery, hormone normalization, and repair processes?
The process that creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
What is gluconeogenesis?
This is the reason why oxygen consumption remains elevated after exercise.
What is the need to replenish ATP and remove lactate?
During EPOC, this is the fast component’s main purpose.
What is to replenish ATP and phosphocreatine stores?
EPOC has these two components, categorized by speed.
What are the fast and slow components?
Fast (large drop in O2 uptake)
Slow (gradual return to resting values)
This is the amount of CO2 produced ➗ O2 consumed at the cellular level.
What is the Respiratory Quotient (RQ)?