Definitions
What is CLIL?
The teaching of English combined directly with academic subject content, such as teaching science or history to students through the English language.
In CLIL methodology, what does the "C" in CLIL stand for?
Content
What essential process forms the cornerstone of any ESP course design, used to identify why learners need English and what specific language skills they must master?
Needs Analysis / Needs Assessment
What critical term does Belcher mention that skeptics use to criticize ESP when it operates without questioning whose needs are served or who holds power?
Accommodationist (or "assimilationist," "market-driven," or "colonizing")
What is EOP?
A branch of ESP, this specific subfield focuses on language learning tailored for professional, workplace, or career needs rather than academic study.
In Problem-Based Learning, students usually work in small groups to solve a real-world scenario. Instead of traditional lecture-giving, what is the main role of the teacher during a PBL lesson?
Facilitator (or guide/advisor)
What does TSA mean?
Target Situation Analysis
What framework does Benesch (as cited in Belcher) propose to complement needs analysis, helping learners understand and challenge "unreasonable and inequitable arrangements" in the classroom or workplace?
Rights Analysis
What is corpora?
A large, structured collection of authentic written or spoken texts stored electronically and analyzed using computer software to identify language patterns and frequency.
In Content-Based Instruction, language is taught through academic topics (like history or science) rather than grammar drills. What is the main goal of using authentic subject content in the language classroom?
To provide meaningful, context-rich input
In ESP course design, what specific type of teaching materials is heavily prioritized to ensure real-world relevance to the learners' discipline?
Authentic Materials (or discipline-specific target texts)
Pennycook contrasts "vulgar pragmatism" with a more socially conscious framework. What term does he use for this approach, which encourages learners to appropriate English for their own purposes—helping them "accept, resist, and even push back" against dominant norms?
Critical Pragmatism
What is discourse?
Defined broadly by linguists as "language use above the level of the sentence," this term encompasses connected units of spoken or written communication within its social context.
Discourse analysis looks beyond single words and isolated sentences to study language at what level?
Text/Paragraph level (or language in real-world context / above the sentence level)
What type of analysis focuses on the learner's present proficiency, strengths, and weaknesses at the start of the course?
Present Situation Analysis
In a critical ethnographic study cited by Belcher, Rebeca Jasso-Aguilar investigated the language needs of Waikiki hotel housekeepers. What mismatch did she discover between the language desired by hotel management and the actual language needed by the workers?
Management prioritized welcoming "aloha" customer service language (to drive corporate profits), whereas the housekeepers only needed simple English for daily tasks, personal travel, or basic interaction.
What is genre in the field of ESP?
Text types with shared communicative purposes and conventions.
Discourse analysis distinguishes between "text" and "discourse." While text refers to the written or spoken words themselves, what critical element must be present to turn a piece of text into discourse?
Text becomes discourse only when it is analysed within its communicative context—taking into account the speaker/writer, the audience, the setting, and the social function of the interaction.
Dudley-Evans and St. John famously argued that the term "ESP Teacher" is too limited. Instead, they prefer the term ESP Practitioner because the role requires five distinct responsibilities. Besides being a teacher, name at least two of the other four roles an ESP Practitioner must fulfil.
Course Designer / Materials Provider
Researcher
Collaborator (working with subject specialists)
Evaluator (evaluating courses, materials, and learning)
According to Belcher, how does training L2 graduate students to compile, concordance, and analyse their own electronic corpora of field-specific texts act as an empowering tool of critical pedagogy?
It decenters authority away from native-speaker norms, individual teachers, or prescriptive grammar rules by allowing students to discover how language is actually used by professional researchers in their specific discipline.