Heart
What portion of the heart has higher pressure.
Left atrium and ventricle
Define ejection fraction
SV/EDV: Percentage of end diastolic volume ejected each cycle
What is tidal volume?
Amount of air you breath during normal breathing
What percentage of atmospheric air consists of CO2?
0.03%
SA node, AV node, AV Bundle, Purkinje fibers
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP
Explain how a-VO2 difference changes from rest to max exercise.
At rest it is extracting 25% of oxygen
During max exercise there is a greater concentration gradient of oxygen leading to more unloading...75% of oxygen
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Aortic and carotid bodies
Explain how the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate?
Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes the cell making it harder to depolarize.
Explain the metabolic mechanism that alters blood flow.
Increased muscle metabolism (lower pH, lower oxygen, greater CO2, H+) signal to the smooth muscle cells causing vasodilation and increased blood flow.
Explain 1 pulmonary danger of scuba diving and the science behind it
Lung expansion injury (Taking a deep breath and surfacing quickly can damage the lungs) volume increases as pressure decreases while you surface.
The Bends. Nitrogen poisoning. At high pressure in deep water nitrogen is forced into tissue. Surfacing too quickly will force the nitrogen to be released in the blood and cause an embolism (Pressure decreasing as you surface)
What percentage of oxygen is transported in the plasma
< 2%
Draw blood flow through the heart and label all anatomy (chambers, valves, arteries, veins)
Vena cava --> R atrium --> Tricuspid valve --> R ventricle --> Pulmonary valve --> Pulmonary artery --> Pulmonary vein --> L atrium--> Mitral valve --> L ventricle --> Aorta
Draw the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (label both axis) (NO UNITS NEEDED)
I'll draw it
Explain how Boyle's Law directs ventilation
Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts and increases volume (decrease pressure) in the lungs and air travels in
Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes and decreases volume (increases pressure) in the lungs and air travels out
Explain how the percentage of total blood flow changes during maximal intensity exercise?
Rest: (25% GI, 5% Heart, 20% Kidneys, 15% Brain, 5% Skin, 20% Muscle) --- 5L/min
Max Exercise (5% GI, 5% Heart, 5% Kidneys, 5% Brain, 10% Skin, 70%+ Muscle) --- 25 L/min