Carbs
What would you call 2 monosaccharides bonded together?
Disaccharide
What is a triglyceride made of?
Glycerol backbone + 3 free fatty acids
What is the recommended protein intake range for athletes?
1.2 - 1.8 grams/kilogram
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
What is the rate limiting enzyme of the Krebs cycle?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Define Glucogenesis.
The creation of glycogen
What are 3 functions of a phospholipid?
1. Controls molecule movement across the cell
2. Structural integrity
3. Blood Clotting
4. Neural Conduction
Describe a positive nitrogen balance and what it tells us.
Nitrogen intake > Nitrogen excretion. This indicates protein intake is adequate and anabolism is likely dominant.
What is 1 specific stimulator of glycolysis? What is 1 inhibitor?
Many...
+ drop ATP/high ADP or AMP, Phosphate, Low CrP increased pH
- High ATP/low ADP, High CrP
What is molecules enters into the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl-CoA
How much energy is generated by anaerobic glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule? How about 1 glycogen molecule?
+2 ATP from glucose
+3 ATP from glycogen
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Unsaturated have at least 1 double bone (liquid at room temp)
What is the best method to ensure complete amino acid intake with a vegan athlete?
Complementary protein sources (beans + rice)
Lactate dehydrogenase
Define beta oxidation.
The breakdown of a free fatty acid
What foods contain maltose?
Cereal, beer, seeds
Explain how NADH and FADH2 are used to generate energy.
NADH and FADH shuttle electrons and H+ ions to the electron transport chain. Electrons are transferred between proteins and a H+ gradient is created. The H+ gradient is used by ATP Synthase to re-synthesize ATP.
What is the primary amino acid used in gluconeogenesis?
Alanine
Why must pyruvate become lactate during anaerobic exercise?
The NAD+ generated from the reaction allows for glycolysis to occur at a proper speed. The NAD+ building block is needed for step 6 of glycolysis.
Why must ketones be created in the absence of proper carbohydrate?
To allow for continuous beta oxidation of free fatty acids. The body generates ketones to liberate the CoA to oxidize the next free fatty acid without carbohydrate pre-cursors.