Reason and emotion
What two forces influence ethical decision-making?
Reason and emotion
Who developed the four-component model of moral behavior?
James Rest
Name one ethical decision-making framework
The Four-Way Method (or Foursquare Protocol, Five Timeless Questions, Moral Brief)
What is ethical fading?
When people overlook the moral aspects of a decision
Why are ethical decisions central to leadership?
Leaders’ choices set moral tone and affect others
Which process often occurs first in moral judgments?
Intuition
What is moral sensitivity?
Recognizing that an ethical issue exists
What is the goal of using ethical frameworks?
To analyze and resolve moral dilemmas systematically
How do time pressure and stress impact ethical decision-making?
They can narrow focus and reduce moral awareness
What’s the first step to making better ethical decisions as a leader?
Understanding how ethical decisions are made
What is the social intuitionist model?
A theory that moral judgments are driven by quick intuitions, followed by rational explanations
What is moral judgment?
Deciding what the most ethical course of action is
What are the “Four-Way Method” criteria?
Truth, fairness, goodwill, and benefit to all
What is moral disengagement?
Justifying unethical actions to reduce guilt
What’s the second step to improving ethical decision-making?
Taking a systematic approach using ethical frameworks
How can emotions help ethical decision-making?
They alert us to moral concerns and promote empathy
What is Moral Motivation
Prioritizing ethical values over personal or organizational gain
Which framework uses “facts, values, principles, loyalties” as its core elements?
The Foursquare Protocol
How can groupthink affect moral sensitivity?
It discourages dissent and critical thinking
How can leaders model moral courage?
By acting on principles even when facing opposition
Why is relying solely on logic potentially dangerous in moral decisions?
It may ignore human emotion, empathy, and context, leading to detached or unjust choices
What does moral character involve?
Having the courage, perseverance, and integrity to act on ethical decisions
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of structured ethical frameworks?
A advantage: organized reasoning
A disadvantage: may oversimplify complex dilemmas
Name one strategy to overcome ethical blind spots.
Increase self-reflection, use ethical reminders, or seek diverse perspectives
What’s the ultimate goal of ethical leadership according to Johnson?
To “cast light” rather than “shadow” through consistent moral action