Social science approaches to bioethics; The Ethical Professional
Classifying People
Disease in Context, Medicalization
Marketing Disease and Medicine, Scientific Marketing
Autonomy, Deciding for Others, Assisted Suicide; Patient Groups and Health Movements
100
Name one material/technical constraint faced by Haitians following the 2010 earthquake.
(1) Lack of manpower to build (2) Unhygenic water (3) Lack of hospitals supplies (4) Rubble everywhere (5) Few shelters (6) Limited transportation
100
Name three illnesses we discussed in class that problematize our understanding of normal and abnormal?
Autism, Disability, and ADD/ADHD.
100
The removal of homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-II) in 1973 is an example of this.
What is an example of demedicalization?
100
What is direct to consumer advertising?
Pharmaceutical companies bypass traditional ways of disseminating medical knowledge. Instead of informing doctors, advertisements on television allow them to reach patient/consumers directly.
100
What is the key difference between assisted suicide and euthanasia?
Agency
200
True or False: According to Leigh Turner, bioethicists should be more concerned with cutting edge topics like genetics.
False.
200
How has autism been reclassified over the years?
It is now thought of as "autism spectrum" encompassing other less severe conditions like Asperger’s syndrome or “high functioning autism” that fall on the upper end of the spectrum.
200
Classification of a "disease" that was previously thought of differently– the sociocultural process by which conditions or ailments become perceived, defined, explained as "diseases" and medical problems, worthy of medical treatment or intervention. "When human problems or experiences become defined as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses, diseases, or syndromes… The processes by which a particular diagnosis is developed, becomes accepted as medically valid, and gets used to define and treat patients' problems." - (Conrad and Barker, S74)
What is medicalization?
200
Name three groups that pharmaceutical companies target.
(1) Patients/consumers (2) Medical/science professionals (3) "Brokers," links between patients and professionals such as educators
200
How do the Timothy Quill article and the Ron Amundson and Gayle Taira’s article reflect two different bioethical frameworks for end-of-life decision-making?
Quill: Autonomy Amundson/Taira: Decisions in a Social Context
300
According to Vogel what was one role that was performed by medical personnel during military interrogations? (Name one)
(1) Advising military on effective interrogation techniques (2) Planning/Designing interrogation protocols based on medical knowledge (ensuring legal thresholds have not been crossed) (3) “Medicalizing” interrogations – use of different mind-altering drugs to facilitate interrogations (4) Assisting in human subjects research on interrogation (5) Coaching/Training the interrogators on techniques (6) Examining detainees for fitness for interrogation (7) Divulging patient’s medical information (8) Patching up victims for more interrogation
300
What are some implications of the social model and medical of disability?
Both models inform our understanding of "Quality of Life," healthcare interventions, and funding allocations in treating disabilities.
300
Illnesses that are ill-defined, or without proven or provable "causes," suffering that cannot be linked to a somatic basis. "where sufferers claim to have a specific disease that many physicians do not recognize or acknowledge as distinctly medical." (Conrad and Barker, S70)
What are contested diseases?
300
Name one incentive for why a journal may accept a ghost-written article from a pharmaceutical company.
Ghost-written articles tend to be well cited, and pharmaceutical companies may want to purchase thousands of copies of that issue, generating much needed revenue for the journal.
300
In end-of-life issues, an active, non-voluntary act to take one's life in the United States is: legal or illegal
illegal
400
Tia Ghose’s article “St. Jude postdoc faked images,” is best related to which of the following concepts? “Publish or perish” “ Looping Effect” “ Medicalization
Publish or perish.
400
Who coins the term "folk physics" and "folk psychology" and in what context does the author do so?
Simon Baron-Cohen introduces those two terms to illustrate the category of an "autism spectrum" and to argue that Asperger's syndrome/HFA should not be thought of as a disability, particularly in an environment that they can control.
400
The idea, developed by philosopher Ian Hacking, in which how people are labeled or classified changes how they see themselves and how they behave, creating a feedback effect that changes the future meaning of the label or classification itself.
What is the looping effect?
400
How may the marketing of diseases contribute to the "looping effect?"
Pervasiveness of certain diseases through direct to consumer advertising gives patient/consumers awareness of disease categories that may not have been present before, leading patients to identify themselves as people who have those diseases.
400
Describe two effects (social, ethical, biomedical) of local knowledge/lay expertise.
Medicalization and De-medicalization Challenge notions of expertise for medicine and health care Change ways in which patients engage with physicians and biomedical establishment Increase sensitivity of physicians and researchers about particular conditions Changes in physician practice and medical education Increasing and dictating funds for biomedical research and direction of research Shaping clinical trials; access to specialized, rare treatments
500
According to Zimbardo, should bullying that takes place in medical schools be attributed to specific doctors or the situational context in which bullying takes place?
The situational context in which bullying takes place. Bonus: What are the two different frameworks for assigning responsibility for bad behavior that Zimbardo describes?
500
What are some controversial issues about ADD/ADHD?
According to a 2010 study in the Journal of Health Economics, they include misdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, and inappropriate medication with unknown impacts of long-term stimulants on children's health, unnecessary costly medication.
500
The 19th Century historical shift in which disease categories came to be seen as entities with specific causes that could be identified and isolated, rather than holistic imbalances within the body or between body and environment.
What is the Specificity Revolution?
500
Explain this quote from "Releasing the Flood Waters: Diuril and the Reshaping of Hypertension" in the context of medicalization: "Drug defines disease as much as disease defines and elicit drugs" (Greene 751).
Pharmaceutical research assumes that a disease exists before there is a remedy for it, but often a disease is created for the sole purpose of creating a market for a drug.
500
“On rare occasions I actually witnessed him examining a patient, I was struck by his commanding authority. He always dominated the interview.” Who said this quote? What is the context? o Alfred Tauber o Charles Rosenberg o Atul Gawande o Timothy Quill
Alfred Tauber. Old style model of paternalism in doctor-patient relationships
M
e
n
u