Ross
to do no harm or injury to others
Nonmaleficence
Choosing to do something because it is one’s moral duty.
Good Will
The problem with Kant’s theory is that the outcome of actions has no moral relevance
Consequentialist problem
The basis of morality that focuses on duties and intentions and rejects the consideration of consequences
Deontology
A rule of conduct or behavior
Maxim
to be truthful, pay back debts, keep agreements
Fidelity
Act so as to treat every person affected by your action (including
yourself) as an end and never as a means only.
Principle of Ends
The very same act can be characterized by several different maxims.
Many formulations problem
Universalizability is not the same as this.
golden rule
the duty one ought to fulfill as long as no other duty conflicts
prima facie duty
to improve the condition of others
Beneficence
Act only in accordance with the maxim that you can rationally will to be practiced by all people at all times.
Principle of Universal Law
Because it is based on the equality of all people, the categorical imperative supports this value.
Justice
Treat others as valuable in themselves because they have autonomy and thus...
Rational ability.
When two duties conflict, this is the most important one.
actual duty
to set right any wrongs we have done and apologize
Reparation
The moral agent is capable of acting freely and within the dictates of reason.
Principle of Autonomy
Kant’s theory has great appeal because of its commitment to these
Foundational values
Obligations that cannot be obeyed by degrees
Perfect duties
Tells us what we must do regardless of any conditions. No ands ifs, or buts.
Categorical imperative
the kind of reasoning used by Ross
Intuition
According to Kant, Moral decisions are determined by this and this alone
Reason
Kant’s theory does not respect animals, children, and others.
Rational Agents problem
Duties that are not owed to the individual but rise out of moral duty to respect individuals
indirect duties
Tells us what we must do to achieve a goal
A hypothetical imperative