Kant & Utilitarianism
For Kant, this is the only time in which we are acting morally.
What is when we are acting from duty itself?
The ultimate or final good of hedonism is this.
What is pleasure?
This is a good that is undertaken for the sake of another (usually superior) good.
What is an instrumental/extrinsic good?
The Greek notion for happiness is more like self-actualization and human flourishing based on a life of virtue. What is the word for it?
What is Eudaimonia?
This states that I can never use another person solely as a thing or tool for my own manipulation, as every person must also be an end in itself.
What is Kant's Humanity Principle, or practical formulation of the Categorical Imperative?
This virtue is in between the vices of cowardice and foolhardiness.
What is courage?
The Ring of Gyges example is sometimes used to offer a version of this thesis that we are all fundamentally selfish.
What is psychological egoism?
Two major disagreeing positions on abortion are these.
What is "pro-choice" or "pro-life"? Or, there are conditions with which abortion is an ethical option versus there are almost no conditions with which abortion is an ethical option? Or, a fetus is a human being vs a fetus is not yet a human being.
For utilitarianism, every action is measured according to whether or not it brings this.
What is the greatest happiness or least suffering for the greatest number of people/most sentient beings?
This is what Mill means when he says that a dissatisfied Socrates is better than a satisfied fool.
What is seeking better things (even if they bring less pleasure) bring a better quality of pleasure that is more worthwhile than seeking more base things--in this case true wisdom vs embracing and protecting ignorance?
This is what is meant by education being intrinsically good.
What is that it is good for its own sake and not merely for the utility it offers?
This saying by Socrates can be said in some ways to be the opposite of "ignorance is bliss".
What is "The unexamined life is not worth living?"
For Kant, proper motivation to act has intrinsic value, while for utilitarianism it has instrumental value, for this reason.
What is motivation (the good will) is good in itself for Kant, while motivation is only good insofar as it brings the greatest happiness for utilitarianism?
This is why we don't possess virtue immediately after learning the good for Aristotle.
What is virtue must be practice and perfected over time?
This view holds that what is good is limited to the customs of a particular culture. There is no objective good independent of cultures.
What is cultural relativism?
This is a justification that a utilitarian might give for the legalization of marijuana.
[Any justification that has marijuana leading to less suffering]
In the case of lying, this is where Kant and a utilitarian thinker would disagree.
What is: For Kant, it is never ethically permitted, whereas for utilitarianism it would be permitted if it maximized happiness or minimized suffering for the most amount of people? [or similar approach]
These are two major distinctions between Eudaimonia and Hedonism.
What is ...[Eudaimonia: longer-term, more active, based on virtue, more tied to human nature. Hedonism: shorter-term, can be more tied to results and less active, based on pleasure...]?
These are examples of (1) something unethical but still legal, and (2) something illegal but (possibly) ethical.
What is...?
For Socrates, ethical living was more important than just 'living' and prolonging our lives. This is one way he showed it.
A few possible answers, especially relating to the Apology and Crito readings.