Epigenetics
Term for heritable gene regulation not involving DNA sequence change.
Epigenetics
Proteins that bind to DNA to activate or repress gene expression.
Transcription factors
Process where introns are removed and exons rejoined in different ways to allow one gene to encode multiple proteins
Alternative splicing
DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.
Chromatin
DNA sequences that enhance transcription when activators bind.
Enhancers
5′ and 3′ mRNA modifications that increase RNA stability.
Cap and poly-A tail
Form of chromatin that is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive.
heterochromatin
DNA region near genes where transcription factors assemble.
Promoter
Small RNAs that guide proteins to degrade target mRNAs.
microRNAs
Chemical process that adds acetyl groups to histones and activates transcription.
Acetylation
Proteins that bind to DNA to block transcription.
Repressors
Process that prevents translation by modifying eIF-2.
Phosphorylation
Chemical process that adds methyl groups to chromatin and generally represses transcription.
Methylation
Plant polymerases beyond Pol I–III that promote DNA methylation.
Pol IV and V
Tag added to proteins to target them for degradation.
Ubiquitin