Byzantine
What were three names for the Byzantine capital city?
Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul
Who unified the Mongols, and what did his title mean?
Temujin / Genghis Khan - "universal ruler"
What was the main focus of the Ottoman Empire?
Controlling trade routes
What was the jizya, and who had to pay it in the Safavid Empire?
Non-Muslims + Sunni Muslims
Define Din-I Illahi.
universal religion aimed at increasing unity among Mughal subjects, mixed principles of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, etc. to appeal to members of all faiths (did not catch on)
Who conquered the Byzantines, and in what year?
Ottomans, 1453
Compare Mongol fighting techniques to the fighting techniques of Gunpowder Empires.
Mongols: pony-back cavalry, warriors with swords + bows & arrows
Gunpowder: used gunpowder weapons, e.g. guns and cannons
What long-term causes led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
- Weak Sultans
- Military Spending
- Conflicts with Europe
Who led the rebellion that caused the collapse of the Safavid Empire? (general group)
Sunni Muslims (led by Mahmud Hotak)
Describe Sharia Law, and identify the Mughal emperor that began to enforce it.
Law based on Islam/Quran (non-secular)
Aurangzeb
How did Justinian's code influence future European law systems? (minimum 2 reasons)
- Secular: separated religion and government
- Principles of law from Roman 12 Tables (equality, right to defense, innocent until proven guilty)
- Extensive, detailed law (over 4,000 codes)
- Organization: "books" separated laws categorically
Identify three characteristics of the Pax Mongolica.
- peaceful period under Mongol rule
- religious tolerance/freedom
- trade increased
Why was the Ottoman Empire unable to extend its control farther into Europe?
Christian European nations worked together to halt Ottoman expansion. Multiple attempts to seize Vienna were stopped.
Compare religious tolerance in the Safavid and Mughal Empires.
Safavid - not tolerant, focused on conversion to Shi'a Islam
Mughal - tolerant to begin, no Sharia or jizya for Hindus
How did the geographic/cultural context within the Mughal empire influence their administration?
India - large populations of Hindus - empire began with administration focused on religious tolerance