Religion
This was the name given to the religious movement that swept Europe in the 16th century, forming a Christian ideology separate from the Catholic Church.
The Protestant Reformation
This war, fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire, started in 1618 as a conflict between Catholic and Protestant forces in Central Europe
Thirty Years War
This man is famous for his 1436 invention of the printing press, an invention that revolutionized academics across the world
Johannes Gutenberg
This is the name given to the European intellectual movement of the 17th to 19th centuries that promoted individualism over traditionalism
Enlightenment
This illness swept through Europe, Arabia, and Northern Africa in the 14th century, killing between 30% and 60% of the population of Europe.
The Black Plague
This French girl, born in the 15th century, led French forces during the Siege of Orleans in the Hundred Years' War. Later burned as a heretic by the English, she is widely recognized as a savior of France.
Joan of Arc
This Eastern European state, formed in 880 and falling to Mongol invasion in the 13th century, took up much of the same territory as modern day Russia and Ukraine
Kievan Rus
This Florentine family funded much of the Renaissance, sponsoring artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo DaVinci, and Botticelli
The Medici Family
In 1453, this city- the capital of the Byzantine empire- was overrun by Ottoman forces under the command of Sultan Mehmed II
Constantinople
This was the primary social structure of Europe from the 9th to the 15th century, a defined social hierarchy of kings, lords, knights, and peasants
Feudalism
This branch of Christianity, which split from the Western Catholic Church in the Great Schism of 1054, was the primary religion of most of Eastern Europe throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era
Eastern Orthodoxy
These 15th century wars, fought between the houses of York and Lancaster, were a series of dynastic conflicts over rights to the English Throne
Wars of the Roses
This Enlightenment era thinker, born in 1632 and known as the "Father of Liberalism, spread ideas of natural rights and limited government that would heavily influence the American and French Revolutions.
John Locke
This 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal divided the world between the two powers, granting dominion over lands west of the Canary Islands to Spain and these east of them to Portugal.
This was the name given to the lands in Central and Western Europe under rule of kings like Maximilian I and Otto the Great. Also known as the First Reich, this confederation of states remained until its dissolution in the Napoleonic Wars.
Holy Roman Empire
The Protestant Reformation was started in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed these to the door of a church in Wittenburg, Germany
95 Theses
This is the collective name given to two peace treaties signed in 1648 that brought an end to the Thirty Years' War
Peace of Westphalia
This Prussian astronomer, responsible for the heliocentric model of the universe, published his revolutionary book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium just before his death in 1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
1492
This sea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, is bordered by countries like Sweden and Finland to the North, and Estonia to the East
Baltic Sea
This split in the Catholic Church, beginning in 1378, occurred when two bishops simultaneously claimed the title of Pope, which undermined the authority of the Catholic Church and helped contribute to the rise of Protestantism in Europe.
Western Schism
This was the name given to the recapturing of the Iberian peninsula by Christian forces, finally putting an end to Umayyad rule by 1492.
This 15th century Florentine author is famous for his political text 'The Prince', which provides a guide on how to gain and maintain political power.
Machiavelli
This was the name given to the period of the Dutch Golden Age in which the price of tulips spiked much higher than their actual value, and then crashed suddenly.
Tulip Mania
House of Habsburg