Protestant Reformation
Name 3 causes of the Protestant Reformation
Low clergy's lack of training, bad example set by the high clergy, the church's wealth, buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions, sale of indulgences
What was the Counter-Reformation?
A religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
Why did the economy prosper during this time?
Riches obtained from the Americas, especially silver and gold
Why did the Spanish nobility dislike Carlos V?
Carlos V did not speak Spanish and they viewed him as a foreigner (he was born and raised in Ghent)
When was the reign of Felipe II?
1556-1598
What did Martin Luther publish in 1517?
His 95 Theses
What was the Index of Forbidden Books?
A list of books that opposed the Catholic faith and were banned by the Inquisition
Who were conversos?
Converted descendants of Jews and Muslims (who were prevented from public positions)
Who were the Comuneros?
Lower nobility and bourgeoisie who revolted against the government due to an increase in taxes (which were being used to finance his appointment as Holy Roman Emperor)
Juan Bravo, Juan de Padilla, and Francisco Maldonado
What city did Felipe II make the capital of his kingdom?
Madrid
A declaration by the Catholic Church to have some or all of an individual's punishment in purgatory remitted
Why did German nobles protect Martin Luther from the Church?
They wanted to increase their possessions (taking those from the Church) and gain autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
What two political objectives did the Spanish Habsburg Dynasty have?
To retain their territory through wars against other kingdoms and to defend Catholicism
Who were the two sides fighting in the Schmalkaldic War?
Carlos V and German Protestant princes
How did Felipe II inherit Portugal?
The King of Portugal died in 1580, leaving no heirs
What societal groups supported Martin Luther's criticism of the church?
Middle and low clergy, the bourgeoisie and followers of humanism
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
A document signed by the emperor in 1555 that granted Protestant princes religious freedom
What years was Carlos V's reign?
1516 to 1556
Why did Francis I, the King of France, wage wars against Carlos V?
Because France was surrounded by Carlos V's territories
What are the characteristics of Mannerist art?
Expressive and dramatic - the Counter-Reformation wished to evoke intense feelings in its followers and strengthen their religious beliefs
What did religious reformer John Calvin believe?
Predestination (the belief that people were destined for salvation of damnation from birth)
What did the Council of Trent establish?
The Catholic Church's course of action in three main areas: clarification of teachings, internal reform, and repression of Protestantism
Why did many people in Spain join the clergy toward the end of the 16th C?
To escape poverty during the economic decline
How is Carlos V related to Isabel "the Catholic"?
He is her grandson
What was the War of the Alpujarras?
A revolt of the Moriscos in Granada in 1568 caused by the policy of imposing Catholicism and discriminating against religious minorities