Spanish
By the later 15th century, the Christian Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united in marriage and after over 700 years forced the remaining Muslim led governments out of the Iberian Peninsula, and they named it this.
What was the Reconquista?
This 15th century Portuguese prince was especially interested in navigation and having Portugal explore and reach India by sea.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
Dutch East India Company's name.
What was the VOC?
The horrific forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World.
What was the middle passage?
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Empire building.
What is imperialism?
When different cultures interact and share as well as learn from each other.
What is cultural diffusion?
Spanish conquistador Pizarro (along with smallpox) led to the conquering of this indigenous South American empire.
Who were the Incas?
This Portuguese colony in South America would provide huge revenue from the coffee and sugar plantations that utilized enslaved African people to produce these commodities.
What was Brazil?
People who are Dutch are from this country.
What is the Netherlands?
Established in the mid/late 15th century to the early 19th century by the Portuguese and continued by the Spanish, French, English and Dutch the trade of 12-15 humans from West Africa to the Americans
What was the Transatlantic Slave Trade?
Islands of the Caribbean.
What are the West Indies?
Most deadly "old world" disease brought by Europeans to the Americas.
What was small pox?
This Spanish priest in the West Indies wrote about the horrific treatment and destruction of Native American people in the Caribbean, and eventually also realized all slavery was wrong, even that of Africans. He testified about this to the King and Queen of Spain.
Who was Father Bartolome de las Casas?
The Portuguese built up their naval capabilities to gain direct access to these valuable commodities from the east.
What were porcelain, silk, spices, tea, cotton, opium. Also, more gunpowder technologies.
The Dutch created the VOC as they were also fighting for independence from this Iberian kingdom that was had disrupted their spice trade with Portugal, and was also disrupting their religiously tolerant kingdom.
Who was Spain?
Enslavement to settle a debt that is owed. It is not permanent.
What was debt servitude/bondage?
Indonesia and Southeast Asia, also called the Spice Islands.
What are the East Indies?
Horses, cattle, chickens, pigs.
What were "old world" animals introduced to the "new world"?
The name given to the Muslims that originally came from Northern Africa and controlled much of the Iberian peninsula for centuries before the Reconquista.
Who were the Moors?
This cash crop was the main source of wealth for the Portuguese in Brazil and many other European colonizers in the Caribbean.
What was sugar?
The VOC violently gained a monopoly over this extremely valuable spice that had been controlled by the Banda people for centuries prior to the Dutch arrival.
What was nutmeg?
A labor system, prevalent in the 17th-19th centuries, where individuals signed a contract (indenture) to work without salary for a set number of years—commonly four to seven—in exchange for passage to a new land (often the American colonies), food, clothing, and shelter.
What was indentured servitude?
The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
What is exploitation?
Staple crops that can sustain populations such as corn, tomatoes, potatoes and manioc.
What were "new world" crops?
Cortez was the Spanish conquistador that conquered this empire in central Mexico.
Who were the Aztecs?
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to extensively participate in this trade.
What was the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade?
The Dutch would lose New Netherland (New York) as well South Africa to this emerging European rival.
Who were the English?
The status of an enslaved person whose life and body are claimed as property by another person. They could be bought, sold and their children were automatically enslaved and the property of their enslaver.
What is chattel slavery?
The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
What is colonialism?
Originally from the "new world" (South America), used as currency, sweetened with sugar and milk. Most of it today is grown in western Africa.
What is cacao aka what makes chocolate?