Unit 1: Protestant Reformation
Unit 2: Age of Absolutism
Unit 3: Age of Enlightenment
Unit 4: French Revolution
Misc Vocabulary and Important People
100
How did the Protestant Reformation start?
German theologian Martin Luther witnessed people selling indulgences and nailed his 95 Theses arguing that salvation is not earned by works but by faith alone. With the help of the Printing Press, news spread quickly!
100
What was the biggest argument that people believed in an absolute monarchy?
Thomas Hobbe's philosophy in his book Leviathan argued that absolutism drew its authority from the Divine Rights of King.
100
What was Voltaire's thoughts on religion?
He thought it was a determent to society because religion had no factual basis and led to hundreds of bloody conflicts. Instead he propounded Deism.
100
Who led the Reign of Terror?
The leader of the Jacobins, Robespierre, started the Committee of Public Safety to bring France back in order with the tactics of terror. Ooops.
100
What is a Feudalism System?
200
Why did people turn away from the Catholic Church at the end of the 14th century?
1. The Crusades resulted in thousands of people dying for a Christian war that was lost.
2. The Church failed to help its people following the millions of death during the Black Plague.
3. The Renaissance led to a new age of individualism rather than complete faith in the pope.
200
What did King Henry VIII do to fulfill his personal ambitions to have a success to his throne?
Started the Church of England to marry his mistress Anne Boleyn. Although he did not care about theological issues.
Married 7 wives, executing and imprisoning those that failed to produce a son.
200
Denis Diderot had a goal to log all of his knowledge into a single source known as The Encylopedie. What did he decide to include and not include in it?
He only included things that could be proven with the scientific method, therefore because religion relied on visions, old documents, and faith he rejected the ideas.
200
What are 3 things that led to the French Revolution?
1. New thoughts stemming from the Age of Enlightenment.
2. Inspiration from the success of the American Revolution.
3. Desperation to change from heavy taxes and famine in France.
4. Woman's March to Versailles
5. Great disdain for rulers of France Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
200
What is one difference between Baroque and Enlightenment art?
Baroque art emphasized on monarchs and glorification of leaders.
Enlightenment art focused on simple and regular people.
300
How did the Catholic Church respond to Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation claims?
They claimed he was a heretic and held the Council of Trent to decide to change nothing. Instead, they held inquisitions and wrote the Index of Prohibited against those them.
300
What type of government did England fight for in the end of the 16th century?
Following their history of horrible kings such as King John and the Magna Carta, they did not want an absolute monarchy under King James II who was enforcing a Catholic nation. Instead they wanted a parliamentary sovereignty where the selected group of people would be an equal part of the government and could make or reject their own laws.
To make this happen they had the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution removing James II and inviting William of Orange to take the throne.
300
In response to monarchs who ruled absolutely and unquestionably, what did Cesare Beccaria believe was the right way to judge people?
Known as the father of modern criminal law and criminal justice and wrote in his seminal work On Crimes and Punishment. He favored humane institutions prisons, punishments for reforms, and opposed torture and inhumane treatment.
300
What are two ideals were added to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen following the French Revolution?
1. Guaranteed freedom of speech and religion
2. Fair trail by jury
3. Established a republic with all men able to vote
4. Protected private property
300
How did Ferdinand and Isabella centralize Spain during the late 1400s?
1. Gave more law-making and tax collection power to themselves.
2. Reduced the role and power of the nobles.
3. United their militaries
400
What were John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli's look on the Protestant Reformation?
They, agreed with Luther and were against Church tradition and supported salvation by faith alone, but disagreed on two primary things: predestination and communion.
400
What led to the decline of Feudalism in Europe?
- It had become outdated by the 15th Century.
- With the religious wars such as The Thirty Year War and the French Wars of Religion and a decrease of 30% of the population, people were ready to accept a centralized monarchy rather than the weak decentralized monarchy.
- The economy was boomed with the Age of Exploration leading to an idea of free trade and more taxes for the monarchy.
400
What three types of governments and branches did Baron de Montesquieu write about in his book The Spirit of Laws (1748)?
Types of Government:
1. Monarchy (kings and queens)
2. Republic (Ruled by Elected leaders)
3. Despotism (ruled by dictator)
Types of branches to create a separation of power with checks and balance in a Republic Government
1. Executive Branch (Enforces laws)
2. Legislative Branch (creates laws)
3. Judicial Branch (Interprets laws)
400
What meeting was held following Napoleon's reign, and what was were the results for France?
The Congress of Vienna, led by Prince Metternich, decided to return everything back to the way it had been before by giving nobles back their power and lands and eliminating the impact of the Civil Code.
400
What are 3 differences between the Scientific Revolution and The Age of Enlightenment?
1. Scientific Rev was 17th century, Enlightenment was 18th century.
2. Scientific Rev lad foundation, Enlightenment built on foundation.
3. Scientific Rev was an age of scientific inquiry, Enlightenment reformed society.
4. Scientific Rev had no challenge to the social order, Enlightenment challenged authorities.
500
What are 5 of the 7 Catholic Sacraments?
1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. Eucharist
4. Penance and Reconciliation
5. Anointing of the Sick
6. Matrimony
7. Holy Orders
500
What does the English Bill of Rights (1689) entail?
1. Guaranteed freedom of speech for Parliament members.
2. Eliminated cruel and unusual punishment requiring trial by jury.
3. Limited the monarch's power and established free elections for Parliament.
England made the first constitutional government by creating a limited, constitutional monarchy and a protection of people's rights.
500
Who believed that no government could ever truly represent the people and that the government should be all the people (except women) what they believed was best according the general will.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
500
What were 4 ways that Napoleon conquered Europe? (Explain each one)
1. Banning trade with the British with the Continental System.
2. Snatching the crown from the pope and crowning himself emperor.
3. Being extremely popular among his people. (3,000,000 voting for him)
4. Reforming states with his Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)
5. Involving censorship, limiting what could or couldn't be said about him.
His reign to control all of Europe would fall short after his defeat in Waterloo. Oops
500
Following his defeat, without intending to, Napoleon and France had started a European movement for nationalism throughout a formerly localized Europe leading to many revolutions such as seen in Les Miserables. This period of revolt is known as what?
The Age of Matternich