Religion
The religion that united most of Europe during the early Middle Ages.
Catholicism
Wars in which Christians fought Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands.
Crusades
The period from 500 to 1000 in which trade was slow and classical learning mostly stopped.
The Dark Ages
In the medieval manor system, this group of people were responsible for making food, clothing, furniture, and tools. They paid the lord in the form of grain, honey, eggs, or chickens. They were not allowed to leave, but were not slaves.
Peasants
Fought for the French against the English in the 100 Years War.
Joan of Arc
The ideal of a united Christian community, which became revived when Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the pope.
Christendom
Medieval Europeans thought this was God’s punishment for their sins.
The Black Death
Built an empire covering what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the pope. He spread Christianity, blended Germanic, Roman, and Christian traditions, and ruled so efficiently other medieval rulers looked to his example.
Charlemagne
System in Medieval Europe in which powerful local lords divided their lands among lesser lords in exchange for pledges of service and loyalty to the greater lord.
Feudalism
Burned at the stake for translating the Bible into English.
John Wycliffe
Sacred rites of the Catholic Church that were needed to be performed by Christians to enter Heaven.
Sacraments
Conflict between England and France over lands in France that each country wanted to own.
Hundred Years' War
These exterior stone supports allowed thinner, higher walls and huge stained-glass windows, bringing light and incredible height to cathedrals.
Flying buttresses
What event caused demand for goods from the Middle East to increase in Medieval Europe?
The Crusades
By 1000, merchants, traders, and artisans had become a powerful social class between nobles and peasants, called:
Middle class
The withholding of sacraments and Christian burial by the Pope.
Excommunication
Charles Martel and his Frankish warriors fought the Muslims and prevented them from spreading Islam into Christian lands in Europe.
Battle of Tours
Cathedrals were built in this ornate, buttressed form with high, thin walls and thin stained-glass windows. This style also included carved scultures, such as gargoyles.
Gothic
This crop rotation system in Europe during the Middle Ages worked by planting two fields with two different crops and leaving the third field unplanted. During the next planting season, the crops would rotate.
Three-Field System
The Pope
This barred entire towns, regions, or kingdoms from receiving sacraments and Christian burial.
Interdict
Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain's campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain after they conquered all Muslim lands.
Reconquista
Using reason to support Christian beliefs, instead of thiking all reason and science went against religion.
Scholasticism
Manor lords wanted money after the Crusades introduced new Middle Eastern goods. They will ask for money instead of accepting food grown or labor as payment from their _____. This will cause this group to sell their goods in towns.
Serfs/peasants
Christian Spanish monarchs whose Reconquista and church Inquisition drove out or punished Muslims and Jews in Spain.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain