Multimedia Principle
The Multimedia Principle states that e-learning is enhanced when both ____ and____ are used.
What are words and graphics?
According to 1st Contiguity Principle, printed words should be placed near these.
What are corresponding graphics?
The Modality Principle states that you should present words as audio rather than this.
What is on-screen text?
The Redundancy principle states to explain visuals with words in audio or text, but not this.
What is both?
Adding interesting but extraneous words may result in _______ learning.
What is poorer or reduced learning?
These types of graphics are more for aesthetics and do not enhance the messaging of the course.
What are decorative graphics?
Providing feedback to an incorrect answer on a separate screen as the learner's answer is considered a ______ of the first Contiguity Principle.
What is violation?
This type of learner channel can become overloaded when having to process both the graphics and the text that refers to them.
What is the visual or pictorial channel?
When their eyes are on the text, they cannot simultaneously look at this.
What is the graphic or on-screen graphic?
Mayer and Moreno (2003) use a term called "weeding" which means to _______.
What is remove any words, graphics, and sounds that are not central to the learning objective?
The Multimedia Principle works best for these types of learners.
What are novice learners?
When words and pictures are separated on the screen it directs mental resources unrelated to the instructional goal. This is known as _________ ___________
What is extraneous processing?
Seufert, Schutze, & Brunken (2009) found that the Modality Principle had the least effect on these type of learners.
What are skilled or more-skilled learners?
Requiring exrtaneous processing, learners may try to ______ and ______ on-screen text and the narration.
What are compare and reconcile?
In addition to extraneous text, you should avoid creating e-learning courses with extraneous _________.
What are graphics or pictures?
According to Clark and Mayer, 2019, graphics can be used as topic organizers, illustrating relationships, and ______ _________.
What are lesson interfaces?
According to Contiguity Principle 2, these should always be synchronized with corresponding graphics.
What are spoken words?
By replacing on-screen text with narration, we reduce the load on the visual channel in favor of this channel.
What is the auditory or verbal channel?
Although now contested by research, this hypothesis argues that some people are visual learners, while others are auditory.
What is the learning styles hypothesis?
This theory argues that students will learn more from presentations that contain interesting sounds and music vs. those that don't.
What is the arousal theory?
These graphic types illustrate invisible relationships in e-learning.
What are interpretive graphics?
Ayres & Sweller (2014) argue that "putting corresponding words and pictures far apart from each other creates ____ _____."
What is split attention?
The cognitive theory of multimedia learning states that learning depends on both the information presented and these processes.
What is cognitive?
Both printed words and pictures are processed by this channel in the working memory.
What is the visual channel?
Harp and Mayer (1998) state that extraneous pictures can hinder learning in three ways. They are _______, _______, and _______.