an abstraction of human characteristics & experiences, also referred to as a concept
What is phenomenon?
100
objectivity in conceptualization of the research question,
type of design, accuracy, feasibility, control, intervention fidelity, and study validity
What are the considerations in quantitative research?
100
developed to examine relationships among variables and to answer the research question
What is a research design?
100
Major component of data collection where researcher selects a portion of the population to represent the population
What is sampling?
100
the truth or accuracy of the study results
What is study validity?
200
a planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discovery of solutions to problems or questions
What is research?
200
occur during the study and interfere with or influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
What are extraneous/confounding variables?
200
want to test the effects of a specific intervention and developed to determine causality; researcher actively manipulates the IV to determine its effect on the DV
What are experimental designs?
200
referred to as external validity; applicability of study findings to target population
What is generalizability?
200
the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure; reflects the concepts or characteristics that are being measured
What is validity?
300
informed clinical decision making based on collected & synthesized research evidence, clinical expertise, and an
understanding of patient preferences
What is evidence-based practice?
300
homogeneous sample, use of consistent data-collection procedures, train and supervise individuals delivering interventions and collecting data, manipulate the independent variable, and randomization
How do researchers control extraneous variables?
300
hold constant the possible influences on the DV under study; the researcher adjusts for factors affecting the DV
What is control?
300
sample includes elements that over- or underrepresent characteristics when compared to elements in the target population; sample does not represent its target population
What is sampling bias?
300
subjects differ in characteristics before the study began
What is selection bias?
400
qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research,
meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses
What are primary sources of evidence?
400
extraneous variables influence and distort the relationship between the IV and the DV so that the findings do not reflect a true relationship between the IV and the DV
What is bias?
400
each subject in the study has an equal chance of being
assigned to the control group or the experimental group;
assumes that any important extraneous variable(s) will be equally distributed between the groups, minimizing
variance and decreasing selection bias
What is randomization?
400
Every element has a chance to be included; uses randomization to assign elements; more generalizable
and more representative
What is probability sampling?
400
consistent measurements are obtained over time
What is reliability?
500
follows the steps of the research process to answer a question with all the components of the process clearly presented and a "how-to guide" with an overview of a process, information about a new process, technique, standard, and/or case report
What is the difference between a research article and a clinical article?
500
degree to which it can be inferred that the IV, rather than
confounding factors, is responsible for the observed effects
on the outcome and degree to which study results can be generalized to other subjects, settings, and times
What are internal validity and external validity?
500
Nonequivalent control group, After-only nonequivalent control group, One-group (pre-test-posttest), Time series
What are types of quasi-experimental designs?
500
Probability that an observed relationship could be caused by chance (ie., as a result of sampling error)
What is significance level?
500
results of a study are accepted as logical, reasonable, and
justifiable based on the evidence presented