Developmental/Personality
What is a Psychopathy Checklist - Revised?
Risk assessment used for assessing psychopathic traits in individuals
Name and explain at least 4 experiments/studies
Bandura's bobo doll, Zimbardo's Stanford prison, Little Albert, and Milgram's obedience study
What are some sleep disorders? (explain them)
Insomnia: trouble falling or staying asleep
Sleep Apnea: breathing interruptions
Narcolepsy: sudden sleep attacks
Night Terrors: intense fear and movement during NREM sleep
Ekman's basic emotions (universal and recognizable facial expressions)
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust
What is memory and its stages?
The ability to encode, store, and retrieve info. overtime.
-Encoding: process of transforming info. into a form that can be stored in memory
-Storage: process of maintaing info. in memory overtime
-Retrieval: process of bringing stored info. into conscious awareness
Risk and Protective factors in Development
Risk: trauma, poverty, low birth weight
Protective: education, attachment, support systems
Reciprocal Determinism?
Bandura's idea that behavior, personal factors and environment influence each other. While behavior is learned, social context and personal beliefs influences
State and describe the stages of sleep
Stage 1: Light sleep, drifting
Stage 2: Sleep spindles and k-complexes
Stage 3: Deep sleep, slow-wave sleep
REM: Rapid eye movement, dreaming, and muscle paralysis
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Idea that facial expressions can influence emotional experience. Ex: smiling can make you feel happier
Memory system according to Atkinson-Shiffrin's model? (Describe/Explain)
1. Sensory Memory - Brief storage system that holds sensory info. for a few seconds or less
2. Short Term Memory - Duration about 20 secs and capacity 7 to 2 items
3. Long Term Memory - Permanant and limitless storehouse of the memory
Describe the Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN)
Openness, Consciousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
O: willingness to explore (imaginative person)
C: organized/self disciplined (dependable person)
E: sociable (outgoing person)
A: Compassionate (empathetic person)
N: mood fluctuations (intense emotions being experienced)
What is conformity and factors influencing it?
The tendency to align attitudes, beliefs, and behavior w group norms. Driven by a desire to be liked and accepted
Factors: group size, status, and public response
Levels of consciousness
1. Conscious (active awareness)
2. Preconscious (easily accessible info.)
3. Unconscious (hidden desires/traumas)
4. Altered States (hypnosis, meditation, sleep, and drug-induced states)
Incentive Theory
That behavior is motivated by external rewards or stimuli, not just internal drive
Difference btw implicit and explicit memory
I: skills
E: events and facts
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Proposes 8 stages of psychosocial conflicts throughout the lifespan.
Ex: Identity vs Isolation: teen focusing on forming stable sense of self or Intimacy vs Isolation: young adulthood forming lasting relationships
What is acquisition, generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning?
A: initial stage when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an US to have a CR
G: responding to stimuli similar to the CS
D: learned ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli
Importance of REM Sleep?
Essential for memory consolidation and emotional regulation, vivid dreams and brain development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological - shelter, food, water
Safety - health, employment, personal security
Love/Belonging - family, friends, relationships
Esteem - respect, strength, status
Self-Actualization - desire to be better
What is Context and State dependent memory?
Con: improved recall in the same physical setting
Sta: improves recall in the same emotional state
Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor: 0-2 years old, learning through physical interaction
Preoperational:2-7 years old, symbolic play but lacks logical operations
Concrete operational: 7-11 years old, logical thinking abt events and conversations
Formal operational: 12+, abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
Explain Structuralism, Behaviorism, and Functionalism
S: aimes to break down mental processes into basic components through instrospection
B: observable behavior over interbal mental states (introspection)
F: focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior, the purpose of the behavior rather than its structure
What was Sigmund Freud's concepts and ideas regarding the unconscious mind?
The role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior, how childhood trauma and unconscious conflicts influence personality.
Concepts: id (instinctual desires), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral conscience)
The 3 main theories of emotions
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory: Emotions are based on physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
Cannon-Bard theory: Emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously but independently
James-Lange theory: Emotion is the result of physiological arousal
Types of Interference in Memory
Proactive interference: old info. interferes w new
Retroactive interference: new info. interferes w old