Natural Selection
The "Father of Evolution", used evidence from his travels on the HMS beagle, observations of artificial selection, and other experiences, to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection
A group of individuals that can and will interbreed, and produce viable offspring
What is a species?
What is DNA evidence?
In rock pocket mice, this trait impacted their fitness, based on the surrounding environment. Depending on their location, this trait may have impacted the likelihood of predation, and the ability of the mice to pass on their genes. (name the trait, and the variations)
Fur color, light and dark
A cell that has no nucleus
What is a prokaryotic cell? (Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles)
A physical or behavioral trait, which increases an organisms fitness in their environment
What is an adaptation?
When 2 or more populations no longer interbreed, and there is a lack of gene flow between those populations
What is reproductive isolation?
When we compare the traits or characteristics of modern organisms to each other, as well as to preserved prehistoric skeletons of organisms, to provide evidence for evolution, and how closely or distantly related organisms are to one another
What is comparative anatomy and fossil evidence?
In humans, we find that the production of this pigment varies in indigenous populations based on where they, and their ancestors, are located geographically. Most often, the amount and types of this pigment vary by latitude, with higher amounts being produced in populations closer to the equator, and lower amounts being produced in populations in higher latitudes. This pigment protects DNA in skin, preventing the development of skin cancer, and also protects folate in blood (needed for developing fetuses). (name the pigment, and cells that produce it)
What is melanin, what are melanocytes?
2 cellular organelles, One is the aqueous material within all cells, where all other cellular structures are found. The other is a network of filaments that can be used for transferring materials, help to shape, and can assist in movement of cells.
What are the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic skeleton?
When a physical barrier such as a mountain or river is present, that prevents 2 or more populations from interbreeding, and may lead to speciation (ex. Darwins finches separated from mainland finches)
What is geographic isolation?
Studying and comparing the development of organisms before they are born, looking for similarities or differences in the patterns of development, to help provide evidence for evolution and how closely or distantly related those organisms are to one another
What is embryology/embryological evidence?
When a virus develops new mutations that allow it to infect humans (often jumping from animals to humans), and begins to infect + be transmitted within the human population, eventually spreading across wide regions, and potentially globally. (give the term, and the name of the virus that is causing the current one--be specific!)
What is a viral pandemic? (current- SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19)
These 2 organelles play a major role in protecting cellular components, and keeping the outside out, and the inside in. One of these organelles is found in all cell types, and is made of a phospholipid bilayer, the other is found in plant cells and some prokaryotic cells, and is a much stiffer structure.
What are the cell membrane and cell wall?
A measure of an organisms likelihood of survival and reproduction
When some individuals (usually females) find some traits more attractive then others, and may select mates based on those traits, and eventually may lead to speciation (ex. birds of paradise)
What is sexual selection?
A trait/structure that has been conserved across many groups, but may be modified for various functions/roles. Ex. the forelimb of tetrapods
What is a homologous structure?
Due to exposure to high amounts of antibiotics, we are changing the natural selection pressure put on populations of bacteria, leading to those who are more suited to an environment with many antibiotics being more likely to survive and reproduce, and pass on those genes. We see this developing more frequently due to overuse of antibiotics in both the medical field, as well as via household uses.
What is antibiotic resistance?
These 2 organelles both play a role in energy production. One of these organelles uses energy from sunlight to perform photosynthesis and build carbohydrates like glucose, the other organelle uses those carbohydrate to make cellular energy (ATP) through the process of cellular respiration.
What are chloroplasts and mitochondria?
What are...
-Variation of heritable traits
-Competition/pressure
-Differential fitness based on traits
When competition for 1 resource is high (food, habitat), populations may diverge and begin specializing on different resources, and may lead to speciation
What is niche differentiation/adaptive radiation?
A trait or structure that exists in a greatly reduced form, often serving little to no function. These structures are often evidence for an organisms evolutionary origins/history
What is a vestigial trait?
Many species of Anole Lizards are found in the Caribbean Islands. They have undergone adaptive radiation on each island, with species specializing to live in different vertical regions of the habitat. Jonathan Losos did an experiment where he placed a male and female trunk-ground anole (have long legs, which are not great for living on thin branches, short legs are more adaptive for thin branches) on an island that did not have any trees but had short grass and shrubs. What did he observe about the anoles on the island when he returned after multiple generations?
The average length of the legs had shortened, which suggests that the offspring born with shorter legs were more fit in that environment, and were more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those short leg genes)
2 cellular organelles. One organelle is much smaller than most, and is found in all cell types, this organelle is necessary for building proteins through the process of protein synthesis. The other organelle is only found in eukaryotes, this organelle plays a major role in packaging and transporting proteins and other molecules across, and out of the cell.
What are the ribosome and golgi apparatus?