Inner Fish
Although the shape and function of limbs are different, What is the overall theme of each limb has a repeating pattern in every vertebrate?
one bone, two bone, many bones and digits
What was the title of book Darwin published in 1859?
What is "Origin of Species"
What is responsible for the process of folding skin; controlling how hairy you are; how many teeth you have; how your body regulates temperature?
The EDA gene
Name the organism: Transitional Organism that lived millions of years before dinosaurs with different size teeth-large, powerful, square-shaped jaws with huge, saber-like canine and interlaced, socket-like teeth; Reptile with Carnivorous mammal traits; long legs compared to their body size
Gorgonopsid
Name the scientist in charge of the Natural History Museum in England. Explain why his friendship with Darwin changed?
Sir Richard Owens
He believed species were "fixed"
Darwin believed species change over millions of years through Natural Selection
Name the Gene that determines the shape of our hands and was also shaping the fins of our most distant fish relatives; Describe it and give an example from episode
Sonic Hedgehog Gene; multiple fingers -the strength of signal; a mirror image of claw or wing of a chicken; second fin in the skate
What animals did Charles Darwin observe that helped lead him to his theory of evolution- and what did he notice about these animals?
What are either finches' beaks or tortoise shells, different shells of tortoises and different beaks of finches?
Explain the process of going from 4-legged to bipedal and how this process has led to back issues in 80% of adults. Describe how we have compensated for our top-heavy bodies in the skeletal design.
4 legged organisms have their weight displaced on four limbs; balanced
bipedal organisms have all their weight on a central location- top heavy; therefore, our s-shaped spine compensates for the unbalanced weight- causing back problems for humans
Name the transitional organism that is part reptile and part mammal:
The platypus, classified as a mammal because it produces milk and is covered in a coat of fur, also possesses features of reptiles, birds, and their common ancestors, along with some curious attributes of its own.
Name the mother of all mass extinctions that wiped out about 98% of all species on earth.
The Permian (AKA "The Great Dying"
Give examples or evidence to suggest we have common ancestors with fish.
our embryo stage is similar: head, body, gill slits and tail
What was the name used for all specimens found on Darwin's expedition to Galapagos Islands? Where did the name originate?
What is the Beagle; the name of the ship
Explain how our skin has evolved from living in water to today. Fish - Amphibian - Reptile - Human
Fish- scales
Amphibians - soft, sleek, skin; porous
Reptiles- layers of skin to help from drying out and live away from water; water tight barrier
humans- layers with moisturizing glands; soft skin
What are remnants left in us that tie us to egg-laying ancestors? (Name at least 3)
one bone, two bones, many bones, digits
yolk sac - smaller and smaller
amniotic fluid
embryo stages similar to chickens
Explain the Peppered Moth Lab.
Moths with light coloring thrived since they camouflaged well with light-colored trees.
Industrial Revolution caused Pollution and discolored trees, leaving the light-colored moths vulnerable to predators.
Mutations caused the peppered moths, and they thrived in new environments. Survival of fittest- natural selection example
Give features from Tiktallik that suggest this is a transitional species.
Fish- scales, fins and gills
Amphibian: neck, wrist, palm, lungs
Who gave Darwin evidence for dating rocks and also a date of the earth? What was this method called?
Marie Curie; radioactive dating
Explain how the pelvis of Ardi helped determine its habitat.
Pelvis
top- human-like- shorter
bottom-primate- longer/higher- climber
2 part question:
What was the boast from Baron George Cuvier concerning teeth?
What can teeth tell us about our ancestors?
"Show me the tooth and I can reconstruct the entire skeleton"
They tell us how our ancestors lived and evolved, what our ancestors ate; what their jaw structure looked like
Explain the evolution in teeth from reptile to humans.
Reptiles have a mouth filled with several teeth which are uniform in size and shape.
Mammals tend to have teeth that vary greatly in size and shape. In reptiles, the lower jaw is comprised of several different bones. In mammals, however, the lower jaw comprises only one bone
We lose teeth once and reptiles have several sets in lifetime
Name the different locations, Neil Shubin searched for ancient transitional fish fossils (early tetrapod fossils)
Pennsylvania -Red Hill
Greenland- Jenny Clack's Team
Northern Canada
Who gave evidence to support Darwin that organisms in separate environments (ex: on different continents) originated from a common ancestor. What was the theory called? What was discovered in 1950 to reinforce this theory?
Alfred Wegner; Theory of Continental Drift; Sonar
Give 2 examples of evidence to support transition:
Fish to Tetrapod
Reptiles to Mammals
Primate to Humans
f - t = tiktaalik; skeletal similarities 1 bone, 2 bone many bones digits
r - m = amniotic sac to reptile eggs from drying out; common teeth of ferocious animals; Hair whiskers
p - h = mutations in genes color vision; decline of smell genes; shape of our hands; ardi- mosaic pelvis
Explain how Opossum is used to show evidence of evolution in reptiles and mammals.
300 years of evolution in re-purposed jawbones- middle ear
3 bones mammals
1 bone reptile
Explain Object Permanence with the baby- primate and the baby-human. What does this tell us about our development period compared to a primate?
Baby monkey beats baby human in this test; it shows us how fast wiring in our particular brain is slower to develop than the baby monkey. Humans have an unusually long childhood -a long development period. A disadvantage in this test is one of our biggest strengths- longer to learn and to pick up new skills. primates need to learn quickly