Cladograms
Natural Selection
Evidence for Evolution
Genetic Drift
Random
100
A branching diagram that shows the relationships among organisms or groups of organisms
What is a cladogram?
100
The process by which organisms with traits that are most favorable in their environment are most likely to survive and pass on their traits to offspring
What is natural selection?
100
biochemistry, anatomical structures, fossils, embryos
What are the four types of evidence for evolution?
100
A change in the allele frequencies of a population as a result of chance events
What is genetic drift?
100
A heritable trait that increases an organism's chance of survival or reproduction
What is an adaptation?
200
Which organisms have fur and mammary glands?
What are mouse and chimp?
200
A scientific theory that explains how species develop from preexisting species or how populations change over time
What is evolution?
200
DNA and proteins
What is biochemical evidence for evolution?
200
When a large portion of the population is killed due to a catastrophe such as a hurricane.
What is the bottleneck effect?
200
Consider the following statements:
I. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes exist on every continent on Earth.
II. Bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea use ATP to power cell processes.
III. Organisms from all domains use DNA to encode proteins, which carry out cellular functions.
Which of the statements provide evidence that all of Earth’s organisms are descended from a common ancestor?
a) Statement II only
b) Statement III only
c) Statements I and III
d) Statements II and III
What is d?
300
Which organism shared a most recent common ancestor? A mouse and a lizard or a mouse and a perch?
What is a mouse and a lizard?
300
A group of organisms that share most characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
What is a species?
300
fish, chicken, and human embryos
What is embryonic evidence for evolution?
300
When a few individuals colonize an island
What is the founder effect?
300
Pink bollworms are a major pest of cotton, causing huge crop losses around the world. To prevent pink bollworm infestation, some farmers grow cotton plants that have been engineered to produce the insecticide Bt.
When a bollworm feeds on a Bt-producing cotton plant, the Bt enters the insect’s midgut and binds to proteins called cadherins. This binding damages the insect’s midgut, eventually causing death.
Which of the following best predicts what will happen over time to a pink bollworm population in a field that is planted entirely with Bt-producing cotton plants?
a) The pink bollworm population will evolve resistance to Bt, likely through selection of bollworms that can avoid ingesting Bt.
b) The pink bollworm population will evolve resistance to Bt, likely through selection of bollworms with a mutation in the cadherin gene.
c) The pink bollworm population will be controlled by the insecticide because a population in a single field is too small to evolve resistance to an insecticide.
d) The pink bollworm population will be controlled by the insecticide because insect generation times are too short to evolve resistance to an insecticide.
What is b?
400
What is the trait that separates the perch from the hagfish?
jaws
400
the range of possibilities for a trait in a population
What is variation?
400
Body parts of different organisms that have a similar structure but may have different functions
What is a homologous structure?
400
How is genetic drift different from natural selection?
Genetic drift is due to random chance whereas natural selection is not.
400
The following table lists evolution rate estimates for a set of plant viruses. The evolution rates are measured as the number of base-pair substitutions per nucleotide site in the virus genome, per year (s/n/y). Which statement is true based on the table?
a) The genome of the beet chlorosis virus is larger than the genome of the sugarcane yellow leaf virus.
b) The banana bunchy top virus is more likely to evolve an expanded host range over a given time period than the turnip yellows virus is.
c) The barley yellow dwarf virus is more likely to overcome engineered virus resistance in plants than the maize streak virus is.
d) The maize streak virus is more likely to cause severe disease symptoms than the beet chlorosis virus is.
What is c?
500
Are perch more closely related to salamanders or chimps? Why?
What are perch are more closely related to salamanders than chimps because perch and salamanders only differ in 1 trait as opposed to 4 traits between perch and chimps?
500
the producing of more offspring than the resources of the environment can support, a condition for natural selection to occur
What is overproduction of offspring?
500
Penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics are routinely given to farm animals at low doses to prevent infection. These antibiotics cause bacterial cell death by binding to cell wall-synthesis proteins, including the protein PBP2. This binding inhibits proper cell wall synthesis, and causes the cell to burst.
Which of the following best predicts what will happen to a population of bacteria in a farm setting that is, over time, consistently exposed to beta-lactam antibiotics?
a) The bacteria population will evolve resistance to the antibiotics, likely through selection of individuals with a mutation in the PBP2 gene.
b) The bacteria population will evolve resistance to the antibiotics, likely through selection of individuals who don’t need a cell wall to grow and reproduce.
c) All of the bacteria in the population will be killed by the antibiotic because individuals in the population are genetically identical and equally susceptible to the antibiotic.
d) None of the bacteria in the population will be killed by the antibiotic because the farm animals will evolve antibiotic resistance, causing the antibiotic to lose its effectiveness.
What is a?
500
The introduction of genes from one population into the gene pool of another population
What is gene flow?
500
A group of scientists is studying Tetragnatha spiders on the island of Hawaii. A large lava flow has divided the spiders’ forest habitat into two parts. As a result, a population of Tetragnatha spiders has become isolated on either side of the hardened lava.
Which of the following best predicts how the lava flow will affect the spider populations over time?
a) Gene flow between the spider populations will increase, resulting in allopatric speciation.
b) The spider population on each side of the lava flow will adapt to live in different types of vegetation, resulting in sympatric speciation.
c) The spider population on each side of the lava flow will become reproductively isolated, resulting in allopatric speciation.
d) Genetic drift will increase the genetic diversity within each spider population, resulting in sympatric speciation.
What is c?