Evolution
the reason why living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present species
evolution
Physical flow of alleles between populations due to movement of individuals (including seeds) or DNA (e.g. pollen)
gene flow
The process of diverging one species into two • Usually accompanied by reduction or elimination of gene flow between populations
Speciation
study of similarities and differences between major groups
Comparative Anatomy
science of naming and classifying organisms
taxonomy
heritable traits that increases the chances of survival and reproduction
adaptions
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Natural Selection
evidence for speciation that includes fossils and different layers of rock
Fossil record
similar structures because of shared ancestry
homologous structures
What are the two parts to a species name?
Genus species
evolution of new taxonomic groups (e.g. mammals), mass extinctions
Macroevolution
genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
Founder Effects
heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes -> Duplicate genome with 4 sets of chromosomes -> instant new species because these individuals can not mate with diploids of the same species
Polyploidy
similar structures because of shared enviromntal pressures or shared function—product of convergent evolution
Analogous Structures
shows evolutionary history of a species with branches
Phylogeny
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
microevolution
A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population
Bottleneck Effect
Explain Speciation with geographic seperation and how that leads to 2 new species
There is a geographic barrier between populations, so there is no gene flow, overtime these populations will build up differences, eventually they can no longer interbreed -> 2 new species
remnants of features/structures that no longer have function
Vestigal Structures
a most recent common ancestor and ALL of its descendants
clade
is evolution a theory or fact?
BOTH
Evolution has occured and is occuring -> FACT
Scientists study how evolution works -> THEORY
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Sexual Selection
Explain Speciation with no geographic separation and how that leads to 2 new species
There could be some barriers to gene flow besides geographic ones, Another reason could be polyploidy
embryos of vertebrates look very similar in early evelopment
comparative embryology
What are the hierarchal classifications from
species->domain
Hint: there are 8, SGFOCPKD
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain