Encode Article
DNA, Genes, and Molecular Phylogeny
The Interface of Evolutionary Biology and Genomic Sciences
Comparative Genomics 2
Comparative Genomics 3
100
Put forward the idea that more than 80% of the human genome is functional
Who is the ENCODE consortium?
100
Cytosine and Thymine are both examples of this type of nitrogenous base
What are pyrimidines?
100
complete DNA sequence of an organism
What is a genome?
100
This group has a greater diversity of biochemical pathways as energy sources
What are Prokaryotes?
100
Organelles that have their own DNA.
What are chloroplasts and mitochondria?
200
The cell types that ENCODE ran assays for
What are cancer cells and embryonic stem cells?
200
Fluorescent labels that terminate growing DNA chains during Sanger sequencing.
What are ddNTPs?
200
Company that used whole genome shotgun approach to find the human genome
What is Celera genomics?
200
Caused the large increase in oxygen over the last billion years
What are cyanobacteria?
200
remnant DNA from red and green algae that were secondarily engulfed.
What is a Nucleomorph?
300
Failure for this type of Big Science comes from a miscalculation of the cost/benefit analysis
What is a map?
300
Measurement of how well supported a tree is based on phylogenetic analysis of a subset of its values.
What are bootstrap values?
300
Process that finds genes by using mRNA to determine sequence
What is EST sequencing?
300
Occurs in Prokaryotes through Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction
What is horizontal gene transfer?
300
Genetic origins for proteins in a chloroplast.
What is nuclear and chloroplast DNA?
400
These regions should evolve more slowly and be more conserved among species.
What are functional regions?
400
DNA, primers, polymerase, and free bases are all essential ingredients in this process
What is PCR?
400
Determining what's in an environment by sequencing a sample of DNA from the environment.
What is metagenomics?
400
Caused by measurements showing that Humans had smaller genomes than "less complex" organisms. Solved by discovery of "junk DNA".
What is the C-value paradox?
400
Give the scientific name of 1 of the 3 eukaryotic groups that primarily engulfed cyanobacteria.
What is Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, or Glaucophyta?
500
The majority of these are "parasites" to the human genome whose main "function" is to cause frameshifts and disable RNA-specifying sequences
What are transposons?
500
Determines if there is a statistical difference between the likelihoods of the best and alternative trees.
What is the Relative likelihood ratio?
500
Selection that occurs when there’s a greater percentage of neutral substitutions compared to replacement substitutions in a DNA sequence
What is purifying selection?
500
Contains genes that are differentially expressed, with highest oxygen binding in embryonic(epsilon), then fetal(gamma), and then adult(Beta and Delta)
What is the primate Beta globin gene family?
500
Group that lost the photosynthetic plasmid, but shows remnants of an ancestral secondary engulfment of red algae
What are oomycetes? (phytophthora also accepted)
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