Evolution 1
a pioneer species or founder species is what>???
the firs torganism to colonize new land
explain idea of use and disuse
The idea that organisms lose parts they do not use and strengthen those that they do use.
homologous genes
genes that come from the sam eancestorr although they have accumulated mutations that make them different.
the first person to attempt developing a hierarchy of classifications known as scala naturae
ARISTOTLE
what is a dichotomy?
where 2 species break off from a branch point
morphological species concept
A species is a group of organisms that have similar morphological features
define the biological species concept
a species is a group of populations whose members can interbreed. Two species are from different species if they cannot produce viable offspring
explain what a niche is and how it plays a role in adaptive radiation
A niche refers to the specific role an organism plays within an ecosystem, which includes its habitat, diet, competitors, and interactions with other organisms. During adaptive radiation, newly available or vacated ecological niches drive a single ancestral species to diversify rapidly into multiple daughter species, each specializing in exploiting a distinct niche and thereby increasing its fitness.
define taxon
any level of classification
draw a monophyletic group
to be reviewed
who is georges cuvier? explain what he believed about evolution
father of paleontology. believed in punctuated equilibrium:
In a human population, infant birth weight is a classic example of stabilizing selection. Babies that are born very small often struggle with underdeveloped organs and have a higher risk of dying early, while babies that are born very large may face complications during delivery that threaten both the infant and the mother. Infants of intermediate weight, however, have the highest survival rate because they avoid the risks associated with being too small or too large.
stabilizing selection
what type of selection: During the Industrial Revolution in England, soot from factories darkened the bark of trees. Before this change, light-colored peppered moths were well-camouflaged against the pale bark, while dark-colored moths were easily spotted by predators. However, as the trees became darker from pollution, the advantage shifted: dark-colored moths blended in better and survived more often, while light-colored moths were eaten at higher rates.
directional
what is taxonomy the study of?
how organisms are na,ed and classified
draw a paraphyletic group
show for review
what are the two main ways in which divergent evolution can occur? describe them
allopatric speciation - two populations are in different places
and sympatric speciation - same place, but for some reason, they canʼt mate. (different mating rituals, sexual organs are incompatible, active at different times of the day)
In a population of 500 butterflies, the allele for red wings (R) is dominant over the allele for white wings (r).
You survey the population and find 180 butterflies have white wings.
Q:
What is the frequency of the r allele (q)?
What is the frequency of the R allele (p)?
How many butterflies in the population are expected to be:
Homozygous dominant (RR)
Heterozygous (Rr)
Homozygous recessive (rr)
q=0.60, p=0.40
RR = 80, Rr = 240, rr = 180
In a population of mice living in a patchy environment, some areas consist of light sandy soil while others are made of dark volcanic rock. Predators such as hawks easily spot prey that does not blend into the background. Light-colored mice camouflage against the sand, and dark-colored mice blend into the rock, giving both groups a survival advantage. However, intermediate gray-colored mice stand out in both habitats, making them more vulnerable to predation.
what type of selection is demonstrated here???
what are the three domains of life?
bacteria, archae, eukraya
draw a tree that represents the following:
5 taxa in general
2 pairs of sister taxa
1 basal taxon
show for review
answer the following:
what is divergent evolution and what structures does it lead to?
what is convergent evolution and what structures does it lead to?
Divergent evolution occurs when a single species is split into two separate populations, causing their shared ancestral traits to differentiate and better fit their new environments. This creates: homologous structures
Convergent evolution: When two different species adapt to the same environment. This creates analogous structures: They look the same, but are actually different.
what are the 3 postzygotic barriers?
reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
what are the 5 prezygotic barriers?
habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
the order of taxa from broadest to most specific?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
USABO Opens 2018 Question 39
option A is correct