B
What mechanical device was used in ancient times for counting and quick calculations?
Abacus
Who used the term “techne” to describe the systematic application of knowledge in instruction?
Elder Sophists of Ancient Greece
Who is recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology?
John Amos Comenius
What illustrated textbook written by Comenius helped children learn Latin and science?
Orbis Pictus
What invention in the 19th century led to the “Visual Instruction” movement?
Photography
Who introduced a new method of structuring instructional materials during the Middle Ages?
Pierre Abelard
Which learning theorist emphasized empirical investigation in learning?
Edward Thorndike
Who introduced instruction based on the scientific method in education?
John Dewey
What type of instructional media was used in 1926 to support learning?
Educational films
Which computer generation introduced transistors?
Second Generation (1957–1964)
What programming languages were commonly used in second-generation computers?
FORTRAN and COBOL
What computing system was introduced in schools during the late 1970s and 1980s?
Microcomputers
What was the world’s first electronic digital computer?
ENIAC
What event accelerated the development of instructional technology for military training?
World War II
What approach to instruction emerged from military training needs during WWII?
A systems approach to instruction emerged, including micro-teaching, individualized instruction, language and behavioral laboratories, behavioral objectives, and computer-assisted instruction.
What size of memory did second-generation computers typically support?
Up to 32K of memory
Which generation of computers used integrated circuits?
Third Generation (1965–1971)
Who developed the World Wide Web and HTML?
Tim Berners-Lee
What conference became the largest educational technology conference in the U.S.?
National Education Computing Conference (NECC)
What theory influenced Seymour Papert’s programming language for children?
Constructivist theory
What was the first instructional use of computers in education at MIT in 1950?
Flight simulators for pilot training
What computer-assisted instruction system was developed at Stanford University?
PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations)
What future technologies were identified as trends in 21st-century education?
Advanced robotics, smart houses, wearable computers, virtual reality, individualized education
Which view of educational technology began with radio and expanded to global satellite broadcasting?
Audiovisual Media Communications (AECT)
What is the modern definition of educational technology according to Roblyer (2000)?
A combination of processes and tools addressing educational needs using current technologies, especially computers