Mortality by Pathogens
A pathogen that lives on or within a host and benefits at the host's expense
What is a parasite?
The continued development of our immune system through exposure to pathogens
What is the adaptive immune system?
Using these behaviors in group living communities prevented the spread of parasitic diseases
What are grooming behaviors?
Pathogens that have developed resistance to modern medicines
What is a superbug?
Based on this sense, early hominids likely developed aversions to rotting food
What is smell?
Bacteria caused selective pressure for __________ specifically in response to intestinal pathogens
What is fluid retention?
A lack of red blood cells which prevents the spread of malaria through the body
What is sickle cell anemia?
The development of this behavior helped eliminate many food-borne pathogens
What is cooking?
This medicine works with your immune system to kill bacteria or prevent multiplication of a pathogen
What are antibiotics?
Consumption of this food source often led to exposure to food-borne pathogens
What is raw meat?
Salmonella enterica, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella typhi are examples of which pathogen
What is bacteria?
Varying levels of UV exposure has an effect on this phenotypic trait
What is skin pigmentation?
The development of these practices helped prevent the spread of infectious disease from decomposing bodies
What are burial practices?
These are preventative measures taken to provide active acquired immunity against well known diseases
What are vaccines?
A soil-borne pathogen often found on unwashed roots
What is Bacillus anthracis?
Infectious diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans
What are zoonotic diseases?
A mutation led to the development of this enzyme that allows adults to consume and digest dairy
What is lactase?
The movement of a population from one region to another which allows for the exposure of new pathogens in new environments
This medicine does NOT directly kill pathogens but aids in the hosts own immune system to combat pathogens
What are antivirals?
A mutation which has recently been identified as offering some resistance to viruses such as HIV
What is CCR5-∆32?
The mode of disease transmission associated with mosquitos, ticks, and fleas carrying pathogens from one host to another
What is vector-borne transmission?
The immune system we are all immediately born with, including elements such as antimicrobial peptides and phagocytosis
What is the innate immune system?
Consumption of certain plants could indirectly enhance disease resistance because of these properties
What are antimicrobial properties?
Understanding early hominid _________ help scientists address modern disease
What are adaptations?
Species must continually evolve new adaptations in response to evolutionary changes in other organisms to avoid extinction
What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?