Selection/Speciation
Assuming that the two populations were isolated from each other, what geographic mode of speciation?
Allopatric Speciation
Define Law of the Additivity of Variances.
V genetic + V environment = V total
Why are seahorses a “special” example of animal mating systems?
males perform elaborate parental care behaviors
Why does it take two mutations for cancer arise?
because we are diploid and we have 2 alleles.
Why are many mutations appear to be NEUTRAL?
They occur in non-coding regions of the genome.
Assuming that the two populations stayed in the same area, what geographic mode of speciation?
Sympatric Speciation
What is result of the genetic bottleneck events?
decreased genetic variation
What is an antagonistic coevolutionary arms race over the control of fertilization?
Sexual Conflict
What is a byproduct of the evolution of multicellularity?
Cancer
Define Breeders Equation
R = h2*S
Assuming that the two populations were at separate endpoints of a range, what geographic mode of speciation?
Parapatric Speciation
What is the situation where two (or more) populations of organisms evolve in response to each other?
Co-evolution
Name the process when the maternal and paternal chromosomes trade regions of their DNA.
crossing over
Snowshoe hares switching from brown to white before snow arrives is an example of:
Phenotypic Mismatch
What term describes the transfer of genetic information from one microbial individual to another
horizontal gene transfer
What is the only mechanism of evolution that causes populations to become better adapted to their circumstances over time?
Natural Selection
What is the strength of selection acting on an allele is called?
AVERAGE EXCESS OF FITNESS
Why are extreme weapons and extravagant display traits are typically wielded by males?
Females invest more than males in reproduction
What is the primary reason another deadly pandemic of influenza is inevitable is?
overpopulation, mass & rapid global transit
Given that 16% of a population exhibits the recessive phenotype, what is the frequency of the dominant allele?
0.6
How do population geneticists measure the strength of selection?
Comparev average fitness of all individuals with the allele to the average fitness of the population
What is the difference between directional selection and stabilizing selection?
Directional selection - When an extreme phenotype is favored over the moderate phenotype
Stabilizing selection - When the moderate or average phenotype is favored
Homozygosity at a given locus can increase relative to the whole population of a species because of?
inbreeding & selective sweep
Why is “Intra-tumor heterogeneity” bad for the prognosis of a cancer patient?
cells are different, and can become resistant to drugs.
Which is an approach used to detect footprints of selection within genomes?
FST outliers, Selective sweeps, dN / dS ratios