Unit 1
Which molecule (H+ or OH-) is dominant in an acidic solution? In a basic solution?
Acidic: H+
Basic: OH-
Name the three top causes of protein denaturation
1) Heat
2) Acid
3) Salinity
Describe the two different types of enzyme inhibition
1) Competitive: a competitive inhibitor binds to the enzymes active site, preventing the substrate from binding
2) Allosteric: an allosteric inhibitor binds to the enzymes allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site, preventing the substrate from binding
What equation do you use to determine total number of chromosomes?
How many types of chromosomes are there in a triploid nucleus with a total of 42?
Total = XN
14
What are ALL of the possible gametes for this genotype?
AABbCc
1) ABC
2) ABc
3) AbC
4) Abc
Polymer --> Monomer is representative of what kind of reaction?
Monomer --> Polymer is representative of what kind of reaction?
Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis
In regards to cytoskeleton components...
1) Alpha and Beta subunits make up ______.
2) Keratin is one type of protein that makes up _________.
3) Actin forms twisted strands that make up ________.
1) Microtubules
2) Intermediate filaments
3) Microfilaments
Complete and balance the equations:
_______ + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ____
__H2O + __CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6___
Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Photosynthesis:
6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
In Meiosis, how do Anaphase 1 and Anaphase 2 differ?
In Anaphase 1, the homologs separate and the sister chromatids remain joined
In Anaphase 2, the sister chromatids separate
New DNA strands can only be elongated in the __ to __ direction. Why is this?
5' to 3' direction.
This is because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end
How do polar bonds and non-polar bonds differ? How are they similar?
Polar bonds must have an electronegativity difference greater than or equal to 0.9, and partial charges are utilized.
Non-polar bonds have an electronegativity difference less than 0.9, and partial charges are NOT utilized.
They are both covalent bonds.
Which Nitrogenous bases are 2-ringed structures, also called _____?
Which Nitrogenous bases are 1-ringed structures, also called _____?
Adenine, Guanine - Purines
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine - Pyrimidines
The cofactors/coenzymes involved in cellular respiration are:
The cofactors/electron acceptors involved in photosynthesis are:
NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2, Coenzyme A
NADP+/NADPH, Plastoquinone (Q), Plastocyanin (Pc), Ferrodoxin (Fd)
How do transcription and translation work together?
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA. The complementary strand of RNA nucleotides built is in the form of messengerRNA (mRNA) which is responsible for carrying information to produce proteins.
Translation is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide using the information passed along in the mRNA.
Given these genotypes of the parents, aaBbCC and AaBBCc...
What is the probability of an offspring with genotype AaBbCc?
What is the probability of an offspring with genotype aaBBcc?
1/8
0
List 4 of the 8 properties of water
1. Cohesion
2. Adhesion
3. High specific heat
4. High heat of vaporization
5. Solid is less dense than the liquid
6. Good solvent for polar molecules
7. Organizes nonpolar moleucles
8. Capable of dissociation
Identify at least 10 items that are found in a eukaryotic cell
1. Nucleus
2. Chromatin/Chromosomes
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Smooth ER
5. Rough ER
6. Mitochondria
7. Cytoplasm
8. Vesicles (peroxisome, lysosome)
9. Ribosomes
10. Cytoskeleton (microtubule, microfilament, intermediate filament)
How many Aedes aegypti babies were hatched in Dr. Hancock's lab last week?
350
Given this DNA strand:
5' - T A C C T T T C A G C A A C T - 3'
determine the complementary mRNA strand and identify two key components.
mRNA strand:
3' - A U G G A A A G U C G U U G A - 5'
AUG is the start codon
UGA is the stop codon
A man with Type A blood marries a woman with Type B blood. Their child is Type O.
1) What are all 3 of their genotypes?
2) What genotypes and in what frequencies would you expect from future offspring?
1) Man: IAi, woman: IBi, child: ii
2) 25% IAIB, 25% IAi, 25% IBi, 25% ii
Define saturated and unsaturated fat.
How do these features affect behavior of the triglyceride?
Saturated fat is one where all carbons have the maximum amount of Hydrogens, all single bonds present.
Unsaturated fat is one where some carbons have less than the maximum amount of Hydrogens, there are double bonds present (either cis or trans).
Saturated is solid at room temp, unsaturated is liquid at room temp.
List one important/defining feature for each level of protein structure
Primary: specific sequence of amino acids, amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds
Secondary: has both alpha helix and beta sheets, structures are formed by hydrogen bonding of the polypeptide backbone
Tertiary: 3D folding pattern of the protein, the folding pattern is due to 'r group' interactions
Quaternary: 2 or more tertiary proteins together, an example is Hemoglobin
Describe the ATP costs and gains through the 5 steps of cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis: cost of 2, gain of 4, NET gain of 2
2. Pyruvate into Matrix: cost of 2
3. Oxidation of Pyruvate: 0
4. Citric Acid Cycle: gain of 2
5. Electron Transport Chain: gain of 34
Describe the pathway of a tetrad through meiosis, phase to phase, from start to finish
Prophase 1: tetrad is formed
Metaphase 1: tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
Anaphase 1: homologous chromosomes separate
Telophase 1/Cytokinesis: two cells form, each containing two sister chtomatids
Metaphase 2: sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase 2: sister chromatids separate
Telophase 2/Cytokinesis: 2 new cells form (total of 4), each with a haploid set of chromosomes
Describe how the leading and lagging strands of DNA are made during replication
The leading strand is complementary to the 3' to 5' strand. It is built by the continuous addition of nucleotides to the new complementary strand in the 5' to 3' direction. This requires only one primer.
Lagging strands are complementary to the 5' to 3' strand. They are built in pieces called Okazaki fragments. Because of their orientation, they cannot build continuously, requiring the use of multiple primers.