Intro to Epi
Studies characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population describes which type of epidemiology?
Descriptive
What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic?
Epidemic is the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness in excess of normal expectancy. Pandemic is an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries
First to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics by organizing mortality data in a mortality table.
John Graunt
The Belmont Report summarized what basic principles of research? (Hint: there's 3)
Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice
What are the four scales of data?
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
Name one of Koch's postulates
1. Organism must be observed in every case of the disease
2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3. When inoculated into a susceptible individual, it must cause disease
4. The organism must be observed in and recovered from the experimental animal
True/False: There has never been a case of Plague in the United States
False
Who was Bernardino Ramazzini?
Founder of occupational medicine
Research participants need to give voluntary consent to participate in any studies came from...
The Nuremberg Code
The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 had a case fatality rate of 2.5%. What does this number mean?
2.5 people out of every 100 people infected died
What is defined as a collective or individual risk factor (or set of risk factors) that is causally related to a health condition, outcome, or other defined characteristic
Determinant
Can the plague be spread from person to person?
No, it is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or exposure to infected material through a break in the skin.
Sir Percival Pott made conclusions about what type of cancer and occupation?
Extra 50 points: what was his recommendation for this occupation?
Scrotal cancer and chimney sweeps
Chimney sweeps should bath once a week.
What Act in 1906 led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration?
Pure Food and Drug Act
If A equals the number of deaths among persons aged 25-34 in 2017 and B equals the number of persons aged 25-34 in 2017 and C equals the total number of deaths at midpoint of 2017, then the age-specific rate per 100,000 would be:
(A/B) x 100,000
What are the three modes of prevention (in order)?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
What about Zika was different than other mosquito-borne illnesses?
It is sexually transmitted
What is the miasmatic theory of disease?
Disease is transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth.
A researcher wants to conduct a study testing a new cancer treatment for individuals with lung cancer. The investigator will cover the cost of the medications, but this investigation will require additional hospitalizations which will need to be covered by the participants' insurance. What ethical principle was violated?
Justice: individuals with health insurance can benefit, but those without cannot.
True/False: A crude rate is a rate of morbidity and mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations.
False
A person began showing symptoms of a disease. What is the Natural History of Disease stage they are in and what type of prevention would they utilize?
Clinical stage and secondary prevention (limit progression of disease/screening)
The 2014 Ebola outbreak was caused by what strain of the Ebola virus?
Zaire
How did Hippocrates contribute to epidemiology?
Departed from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks
What gave additional protections for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, children, and prisoners?
The Common Rule
In what two situations can the proportional mortality ratio increase?
If the prevalence or lethality of a disease increases or if the prevalence or lethality of another disease decreases