Epithelial
List at least 3 of the Specialized features of Epithelial tissue.
(10 extra points per feature if you can list any more. HINT: there are 6)
1. Cellularity - Ability to form sheets
2. Unique Contact Points
3. Polarity -> Gives cell direction
4. Supported by connective tissue
5. Innervated yet avascular
6. Capacity to regenerate
Ground substance contains:
Interstitial Fluid
Cell Adhesion Molecules -> The glue of CT
Proteoglycans -> Help orient the formation of fibers
List the 8 Necessary Life Functions.
Homeostasis, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth
Transverse: Upper(Head) and Lower(Tail) Parts
Frontal: Front(Belly) and Back(Spine) Parts
Midsagittal: Left and Right Sides
What does it mean to have bilateral symmetry?
It means that the left and right side of an animals body are mirror images of each other.
What is the only shape of cell that pseudostratified is?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
What are the properties of Connective Tissue?
Cell Poor, ECM Rich, Most are dense rigid structures, Serves to protect, connect and support
Tendons connect:
Ligaments connect:
Tendons connect muscle to bone
Ligaments connect bone to bone
The body cavity is split into two major parts. What are they? What body parts do they contain? Are either broken down anymore?
Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains the brain and spinal cord; Further broken down into Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity: Contains most of the soft organs; Further broken down into Cranial Thoracic Cavity and Caudal Abdominopelvic Cavity
What is the difference between a Plane and a Section?
Plane: Flat surface that divides the body or organs to expose internal structures
Section: The exposed surface of a plane
Which type of Glands are Duct-Less? Where are these secretions released? Give some examples of these glands.
Endocrine Glands; These secretions are released directly into the extracellular space; EX: Thyroid Gland, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Gland, Ovary, Testicles
What is the progression of connective tissue cells in order to form different types of connective tissue? (HINT: List from least specified to most)
Mesenchymal Stem Cells -> Blast or Cyte -> Connective Tissue
EX: Mesenchymal Cell -> Chondroblast -> Cartilage
What do the following Studies look at?
1. Angiology
2. Dermatology
3. Osteology
4. Endocrinology
5. Esthesiology
1. Cardiovascular (Heart & Blood Vessels)
2. Integumentary (Skin, Hair, Nails, Hooves)
3. Skeletal (Bones & Joints)
4. Endocrine (Ductless Glands)
5. Sensory (Eye & Ear)
Come up front and label the picture of a cell.
What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm: The entire content within the cell membrane
Cytosol: Contains electrolytes, AA, and simple sugars; Matrix or fluid within cytoplasm
What are the two subsections of Exocrine glands? Describe Each.
Unicellular: Goblet Cells, Secrete Mucin
Multicellular: Epithelial-covered ducts, Have Simple vs. Compound Duct systems.
Bone:
-2 Subclasses (Spongy and Compact); Spongy bone is the site of growth;
-It is a combination of collagen fibers and calcium salts; Collagen fibers give bone the ability to bend and not be brittle.
- Bone is very Vascular. This allows it to heal and be able to send WBC all over the body to fight infection
Blood:
- Fluid within the circulatory system
- Derived from mesenchymal cells
- Surrounded by a fluid matrix called plasma
- Contains clotting factors
- Good travel pathway that can move anything throughout the body.
Define Homeostasis. Explain Positive and Negative Feedback Loops. Give an example of each.
Homeostasis: A state of chemical equilibrium maintained by the body by feedback and regulation process in response to internal and external stimuli
PFL: When the body intensifies a stimulus. EX: When a female is ready to give birth the uterus releases a certain hormone which travels to the brain and more hormones are produced in order to start contractions and dilation in order to continue the birthing process.
NFL: When the body does the opposite of the stimulus and the response of the body stabilizes the system; Regaining homeostasis. EX: When your body temperature changes the body will either shiver or sweat to regain normal body temperature. EX: Blood sugar regulation
Describe:
1. Plasma Membrane (Describe why the membrane is special)
2. Nucleus
Plasma Membrane: Also called phospholipid bilayer; Separates cell from the outside environment; Controls what enters/exits the cell
- Membrane is a bilayer which means it has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head to control the flow of certain water/lipid soluble material in/out of the cell.
Nucleus: Stores genetic material; Site of Transcription
What are the 4 types of tissue membranes? Describe each.
- Tissue membranes are a collaboration with CT and ET which are protective layers that line body cavities and separate organs.
1. Mucus: Lines organs with a connection to the outside environment
2. Serous: Lines closed body cavities
3. Cutaneous: Organ perpetually exposed to the outside enviroment
4. Synovial: Joints; Manufacturessynovial fluid
Where do you find the following cell types?:
1. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
2. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
3. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
4. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
5. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
6. Transitional Epithelial
1. Respiratory Tract & Male Repro Tract
2. Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina, Rectum (places of mechanical and physical stress)
3. Skin, hooves, hair, horns, nails
4. Found along excretory ducts (Sweat Glands, Mammary Glands, Salivary Glands)
5. Parts of respiratory, reproductive, and digestive system; Some excretory ducts
6. Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra
List each major type of connective tissue and where it is found in the body.
1. Bone - Skeleton
2. Cartilage - Ears, Joints, Bone Ends, Respiratory Passages, Embryonic Skeleton
3. Blood - Throughout the Body
4. Loose Connective Tissue - Under Skin, Around Organs
5. Dense Connective Tissue - Ligaments & Tendons, Dermis, Around Kidneys, Testes, Liver, Spleen; Joint Capsule; Bladder, Heart, Large Airways, Stomach
Draw all the variations of epithelial tissue.
Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Simple Columnar, Stratified Squamous, Stratified Cuboidal, Stratified Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar, Transitional (Surface is dome shaped, basal cells are cuboidal pr columnar)
List the 5 pairs of directional terminology and define each.
1. Dorsal - Towards the back of the animal & Ventral- Towards the belly of the animal
2. Cranial - Nearer to the skull & Caudal - Nearer to the tail
3. Proximal - Closer to the body than & Distal - Further from the body than
4. Medial - Nearer to the midline & Lateral - Further from the midline
5. Palmar - The walking surface of the front paw & Plantar - The walking surface of the hind paw
What is an Organelle? List the 6 major organelles of a cell and describe the function of each.
An organelle is a highly organized, living, subcellular structure, and each has a specific function and shape.
1. Mitochondria: Used for energy production, breakdown of glucose, and production of ATP
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth ER is a packaging center for lipids; Rough ER produces proteins
3. Ribosomes: Site of translation, Makes protein
4. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies proteins received from the ER and distributes them
5. Lysosomes: Breaks down materials, Digestive vesicle
6. Peroxisomes: Detoxifies