Heart anatomy
The tricuspid valve
a. Allows oxygenated blood to fill the right ventricle
b. Allows oxygenated blood to fill the left ventricle
c. Allows deoxygenated blood to fill the right atrium
d. Allows deoxygenated blood to fill the right ventricle
e. Allows deoxygenated blood to fill the left ventricle
d. Allows deoxygenated blood to fill the right ventricle
Before atrial systole, blood enters the ventricles
a. By diffusion
b. By active transport
c. Passively
d. It does not enter the ventricles until the atria contract because the AV valves are closed up until atrial systole
c. Passively
A patients SV is 115 mL/beat and their HR is 190 bpm.
1. Calculate the patients CO
2. Which of the following could be inferred about this patient?
a. They are an athlete
b. They are at rest
c. They are exercising
d. They are on calcium channel blockers
CO = SV x HR
115 mL/min x 190 bpm
= 21,850 mL/min or 22 L/min
c. They are exercising
The statement that best describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume?
a. The higher the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the higher the stroke volume
b. The lesser the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the higher the stroke volume
c. The lesser the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the lower the stroke volume
d. The higher the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the lower the stroke volume
a. The higher the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells, the higher the stroke volume
Which of the following is most closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis?
a. Inappropriate release of insulin into the bloodstream
b. Infections which cause scarring and narrowing of the blood vessels
c. Autoimmune diseases that cause the immune system to attack the endothelium of the blood vessels
d. Sedentary lifestyle
e. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the diet
e. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the diet
The left semilunar valve is located
a. At the base of the aorta
b. At the base of the pulmonary trunk
c. Between the left atrium and left ventricle
d. Between the right atrium and right ventricle
e. Between the left atrium and right ventricle
a. At the base of the aorta
During ventricular systole, which of the following is NOT true?
a. The semilunar valves open due to increased ventricular pressure
b. The first heart sound can be heard
c. Both the left and right ventricle contraction simultaneously
d. The AV valves open due to increased ventricular pressure
e. Most of the blood is ejected into the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit, with a certain volume of blood left behind in the ventricles
d. The AV valves open due to increased ventricular pressure
Which of the following variables would increase afterload?
a. Liver abnormalities resulting in a decrease in plasma proteins
b. Low body temperature
c. Increased vascular resistance
d. Decreased end diastolic volume
e. Damage to the atrioventricular valves
c. Increased vascular resistance
Which of the following is the best answer to the question "define SV"?
a. EDV - ESV
b. It can be affected by preload, afterload, and contractility
c. It can be used to calculate cardiac output by multiplying it by heart rate
d. The volume of blood pumped by either ventricle each minute
e. The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each contraction
e. The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each contraction
You examine a patient's ECG strip and observe that the P waves are absent but there are normal QRS complexes and T waves. Out of the following, what could this mean?
a. Atrial flutter
b. Cardiac ischemia
c. Second-degree (partial) heart block
d. The SA node is not firing
e. Ventricular tachycardia
d. The SA node is not firing
Which of the following structures does the chordae tendineae attach to?
a. Pectinate muscles and all four valves of the heart
b. Papillary muscles and semilunar valves
c. Trabeculae carneae and atrioventricular valves
d. Papillary muscles and atrioventricular valves
e. Papillary muscles, atrioventricular valves, and semilunar valves
d. Papillary muscles and atrioventricular valves
Blood flows neither into nor out of the ventricles during
a. The period of isovolumetric contraction
b. The period of isovolumetric relaxation
c. Atrial systole
d. Ventricular ejection
e. Both A and B
e. Both A and B
Preload is most synonymous with which term?
a. End diastolic volume (EDV)
b. End systolic volume (ESV)
c. Afterload
d. Cardiac output
e. Ventricular ejection
a. End diastolic volume (EDV)
What is the effect of acetylcholine on the heart?
a. Increases vasoconstriction
b. Decreases rate of contraction
c. Increases heart rate
d. Both A and C
e. Increases cardiac output
b. Decreases rate of contraction
Regarding the cardiac conduction system, which of the following is incorrect?
a. The P-wave on the EKG represents activity of the sinoatrial (SA) node
b. Cardiac conductive cells do not have a stable resting membrane potential
c. Without nervous or endocrine control, the sinoatrial node would set the heart’s rhythm to approximately 20-40 beats per minute
d. Each part of the cardiac conduction system can create its own impulse, but the frequency decreases from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
e. The AV node is responsible for the delay of conduction between the atria and the ventricles, allowing for the atria to finish filling the ventricles before ventricular contraction
c. Without nervous or endocrine control, the sinoatrial node would set the heart’s rhythm to approximately 20-40 beats per minute
Which structure separates the ventricles from the atria?
a. Coronary sulcus
b. Interventricular septum
c. Intraventricular septum
d. Interatrial septum
e. Tricuspid and bicuspid valves
a. Coronary sulcus
Which of the following is true of the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
a. The ventricles are in diastole and the semilunar valves are open
b. The ventricles are in diastole and the atrioventricular valves are open
c. The ventricles are in systole and the semilunar valves are open
d. The ventricles are in systole and the atrioventricular valves are open
e. The ventricles are in diastole and all four of the hearts valves are open
b. The ventricles are in diastole and the atrioventricular valves are open
Which of the following factors would increase heart rate and force of contraction?
a. Increased firing of baroreceptors
b. Decrease in potassium ions in the blood
c. Release of acetylcholine by the Vagus nerve
d. Chemoreceptors detecting decreased levels of CO2 or increased levels of O2
e. Decrease in calcium ions in the blood
b. Decrease in potassium ions in the blood
The left ventricle has a thicker myocardium than the right ventricle. The best explanation for this?
a. It pumps a larger volume of blood
b. It must pump blood through the systemic circuit
c. It pumps a smaller volume of blood
d. The left ventricle is adapted to push blood at high pressure to the lungs
b. It must pump blood through the systemic circuit
Identify the EKG abnormalities on the slides
a.
b.
c.
After arriving at the vena cava, what is the correct sequence of structures blood will pass through before being delivered to the body?
Don't forget to include the valves and great vessels.
Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the cardiac cycle?
a. Atrial systole has finished by the time ventricular contraction occurs
b. End diastolic volume is the volume of blood in each ventricle before ventricular systole
c. The semilunar valves are forced open when ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in the arteries
d. The atrioventricular valves are forced closed when ventricular pressure rises
e. During isovolumetric relaxation, all four valves of the heart remain closed, and no blood enters the heart
e. During isovolumetric relaxation, all four valves of the heart remain closed, and no blood enters the heart
A positive chronotropic factor is
a. A variable that increases the strength of contraction of the heart, such as increase Ca2+ concentration
b. A variable that increases the rate of contraction of the heart, such as a spike in epinephrine
c. A variable that increases the strength of contraction of the heart such as increase K+ concentration
d. A variable that increases the rate of contraction of the heart, such as acetylcholine
e. A variable that decreases both the rate of contraction and strength of contraction of the heart, such as parasympathetic stimulation
b. A variable that increases the rate of contraction of the heart, such as a spike in epinephrine
Use the graph to answer the questions
a
b
c
d
Which of these terms are INCORRECTLY matched to its description?
a. heart block - an interruption in the normal conduction pathway
b. arrhythmia - an abnormal rhythm; for example tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystoles
c. Stenotic valve - fails to open all the way, restricting blood flow through valve
d. congestive heart failure - failure of the ventricles to meet the body's need for blood ejection volume
e. None of the above
e. None of the above