evolution
The theory of inheritance of acquires characteristics stated that...
traits acquired later in life were passed down to offspring
what are the four elements common to all living organisms
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
true or false - water is nonpolar because it does not have ionic bonds with other water molecules
false - ionic bonds have nothing to do with its polarity
monomers are single-unit building blocks of ___
macromolecules
The monomers that make up proteins are called ...
amino acids
Individuals who exhibit a favorable hereditary trait will have a __ advantage over those lacking the trait
reproductive
The center of the atom is called the ___ which contains the subatomic particles ___ and ___
nucleus, proton, neutron
the two physical properties of water are 1) high ___ capacity and 2) Heat of ___
heat, vaporization
hydrolysis - water is a reactant (consumed)
A _____ is a group of atoms in molecules that give it special properties
functional group
Darwin published his findings in the book "On the ___ of species"
origin
___ are substances used at the beginning of a reaction and __ are substances created at the end
reactants, products
an acid increases the amount of ___ ions in a solution, while a base increases the amount of ___ ions in a solution.
hydrogen, hydroxide (OH)
the C:H:O ratio in carbohydrates is ...
1:2:1
RNA stands for ___, and DNA stands for ___
ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid
what are two mechanisms used to create diversity?
Covalent bonds share one or more ___ to fill the outer shells.
pairs of electrons
true or false: carbon never has triple bonds
false
A ___ bond is found between the two sugars in disaccharides
glyosidic
in a peptide bond, one amino acid's ___ group is linked to another amino acid's ___ group
carboxyl, amino
What are the two types of evolution, their definitions, and an example?
Divergent evolution - process by which
groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point (wolves/dogs)
Convergent evolution: process by which groups of unrelated organisms independently evolve to similar forms (penguins/sharks)
Fluorine has an electronegativity of 3.98, and Phosphorus has an electronegativity of 2.19. Based on this information, which element would "want" more electrons and exert an attractive force on the other?
Fluorine would exert an attractive force because it has a higher electronegativity
Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in placement of their atoms or bonds
1. Structural isomers-differ in placement of covalent bonds
2. Geometric isomers-aka cis/trans isomers
3. Entantiomers-mirror images of each other
glycerol + fatty acid, ester bond
primary protein structure is the sequence of ___ in a polypeptide chain, secondary structure is the ___ of the peptide, tertiary structure is the _____ structure, and quaternary structure is the interactions of several _____
amino acids, folding, three-dimensional, polypeptides/subunits