Crime
In most jurisdictions, what is a noncriminal offense for which the penalty is a fine rather than incarceration called?
Infraction
The dual court system refers to ______.
Federal and State court systems
Which individual is widely referred to as the “Father of Criminology?”
Cesare Lombroso
What is a result from the lack of available means to achieve life goals?
Strain
What type of acts become crimes only when society as a whole, through its legislatures, determines that those acts should be punished?
Deviant
According to criminal law, what term refers to the requirement that the guilty act and the guilty intent must occur together?
Concurrence
What is the supreme law of the land?
the U.S. Constitution
According to routine activities theory, what factors are necessary for a crime to occur?
A likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
What is the criminal act of causing fear in a person by repeatedly subjecting that person to unwanted or threatening attention?
Stalking
The practice of deciding new cases with reference to precedents is known as what?
Stare Decisis
What are the two main purposes of the criminal justice system?
Maintain Justice and Protect Society
Shaw and McKay popularized the idea that unfavorable conditions in certain neighborhoods are related to crime through what theory?
Social Disorganization
Would would be considered a mala in se offense?
Murder, rape, robbery, etc.
What type of defense requires the courts to weigh the harm caused by the crime committed against the harm that would have been caused by the criminal act avoided?
Necessity
Prisons are administered by what agencies?
States and the federal government
What theory states that society creates crime and criminals by declaring certain behaviors and certain people as deviant?
Labeling Theory
What type of crime is a homicide in which the offender had no intent to kill her or his victim?
Involuntary Manslaughter
Which Amendment protects against double jeopardy?
Fifth Amendment
The scientific study of crime, including its causes, responses by law enforcement, and method of prevention, is called ______.
Criminology
Which of the following is consistent with control theory?
a.) Offenders learn deviant values from parents and peers.
b.) Individuals must be taught to commit illegal activities.
c.) Individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers.
d.) Individuals commit crimes after being labeled by society.
c.) Individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers.